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 HODGSON

HOLBACH

1820 to 1843 he was assistant resident in Nepal. Hodgson, though a most conscien tious official, made so thorough a study of Hindu religion and literature, and collected so many manuscripts, that Burnouf called him &quot; the founder of our Buddhist studies.&quot; He also contributed materially to zoology and ethnology. When importuned about his religious belief he said : &quot; I do not care to talk about the unknowable &quot; (Life of B. H. Hodgson, by Sir W. W. Hunter, 1896, p. 332). D. May 23, 1894.

HODGSON, Shadworth Hollway, philo sopher. B. 1832. Ed. Eugby and Oxford (Corpus Christi). His wife dying three years after marriage, Mr. Hodgson devoted his life to philosophy and attained an acknowledged mastery of it. He was President of the Aristotelian Society from 1880 to 1894. His chief works were Time and Space (1865), The Philosophy of Reflec tion (2 vols., 1878), and The Metaphysic of Experience (1898). His religious views are expounded chiefly in The Philosophy of Reflection, ch. xi. He held that &quot; the notion of a soul as an immaterial substance is exploded &quot; (ii, 258), and he merely acknow ledged a God as &quot; the Spirit of the Whole.&quot; The creeds he emphatically rejected. D. June 13, 1912.

HODGSON, William, M.D., writer. B. 1745. Ed. Holland. He was a practising physician who adopted advanced ideas, and suffered two years imprisonment (1793-95) for toasting &quot;The French Eepublic.&quot; While n Newgate he wrote The Commonwealth of Reason (1795) and translated Mirabaud s (or d Holbach s) Systeme de la Nature. After his release he abandoned politics for science. D. Mar. 2, 1851.

HOELDERLIN, J. C. F. See HOLDER- LIN, J. C. F.

HOFFDING, Professor Harald, Ph.D., LL.D., D.Sc., Litt.D., Danish philosopher. B. Mar. 11, 1843. Ed. Copenhagen Metro politan School and University. He studied

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at first for the Church, but he abandoned theology and graduated in philosophy. He was appointed lecturer at Copenhagen University in 1880, and was professor of philosophy there from 1883 to 1915. He is a member of the Eoyal Danish Society of Science and Letters, corresponding member of the Institut de France and the Academia dei Lincei, corresponding fellow of the British Academy and Aristotelian Society, etc. In his numerous works Professor Hoffding expounds a spiritual Monism. He excludes a personal God, and he is Agnostic as to personal immor tality. The essential religious principle is &quot;the conservation of values,&quot; moral and aesthetic, and &quot; our greatest model is the Greek way of life &quot; (The Philosophy of Religion, Eng. trans. 1906, pp. 379-80). See also his Pensee Humaine (1911).

HOGG, Thomas Jefferson, writer. B. May 24, 1792. Ed. Durham Grammar School and Oxford (University College). He was an intimate friend of Shelley at Oxford, and was expelled with him, as he refused to disavow Shelley s Necessity of Atheism (1811). He studied law, and was called to the Bar in 1817, but practised little. In his later years he was a Eevising Barrister. He wrote an unfinished life of his friend Shelley (Life of Shelley, 2 vols., 1858). D. Aug. 27, 1862.

HOLBACH, Paul Heinrich Dietrich, Baron Yon, Encyclopaedist. B. 1723. Ed. Paris. He was a wealthy German, who settled in Paris and made his house one of the chief centres of the Encyclopaedists indeed, one of the chief social centres of culture in Europe. Holding that religion was one of the greatest hindrances to the happiness of the race, he wrote many articles for the Dictionnaire Encyclopedique, and under various pseudonyms he issued several drastically anti-Christian works (Le Christianisme devoile, La contagion sacree, De I imposture sacerdotale, etc.). He also procured translations of Deistic works from the German and English. They were

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