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 HIPPEL

HOBBES

the Metaphysical Society, he had rejected j Christianity in early youth, and he never resumed it, but he was very religious and mystical (see his Mystery of Pain, 1866, etc.). He did not believe in a personal God. D. Dec. 16, 1875.

HIPPEL, Theodor Gottlieb von, Ger man writer. B. Jan. 31, 1741. Ed. Konigsberg University. He was educated for the ministry, but he refused to enter it and studied law. In 1765 he became | Legal Consultant of Konigsberg, in 1780. Mayor, and in 1786 Privy Councillor and j President of State. His numerous writings ; novels, poems, dramas, etc. (14 vols., : 1828-39) are in many places Ration- j alistic. The identity of the author was j rigorously concealed until after his death. ; D. Apr. 23, 1796.

BIRD, Dennis, M.A., writer. B. Jan. 28, 1850. Ed. private schools and Oxford (New College). Mr. Hird took his degree with honours in natural science, and in 1879 he was appointed tutor and lecturer at New College. Seven years later he became curate at St. Michael s, Bourne mouth, and in 1887 curate at Battersea. He was afterwards secretary of the Church of England Temperance Society and Lon don Police Court Missionary. He lost his position on becoming a Socialist, and, having been appointed Eector of Eastnor, he was again dismissed, for publishing A Christian with Two Wives (1896). For ten years (1899-1909) he was Principal of Euskin College at Oxford, and in 1909 he and a few others founded the Central Labour College in London. Failing health and war conditions compelled him to abandon this in 1915. Mr. Hird, who is an Agnostic, has written several popular works on evolution, and, before his health failed, lectured assiduously on it.

HIRN, Professor Yrgo, Ph.D., Finnish aesthetic writer. B. 1870. Him is pro fessor of aesthetics and modern literature at Helsingfors University, and he is one

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of the foremost living writers of Finland. Several of his works (The Origins of Art, 1900 ; The Sacred Shrine, 1912) have been translated into English. The latter work is a masterly and sympathetic study from the outside of Catholic art and poetry, though at the close Professor Him describes himself as an Agnostic, and regards Catholic doctrines merely as &quot; stray ings of the human mind &quot; (p. 478).

HIRTH, Georg, German journalist and art-writer. B. July 13, 1841. Ed. Gotha, and Jena University. He edited the Leipzig Deutsche Turnzeitung 1863-66, and then, as secretary of the Victoria Foundation, became a high authority on statistics. In 1868 he founded the Annalen des deutscJies Beichs. In 1875 he turned to art-printing and publishing, and he has written a number of notable volumes on art and the history of art. From 1896 on he edited Jug and. He was one of the founders of the Monist League. D. Mar. 29, 1916.

HO ABLE Y, George, American jurist. B. July 31, 1826. Ed. Cleveland, Western Eeserve College, and Harvard. He was

admitted to the Bar in 1847, and he became judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati in 1851 and City Solicitor in 1855. He refused a judgeship of the Supreme Court, and established a firm at New York, besides teaching law at Cin cinnati. Hoadley was one of the counsel who successfully opposed the attempt to impose Bible lessons in American schools. He was Governor of Ohio 1883-85. D. 1902.

HOBBES, Thomas, philosopher. B. Apr. 5, 1588. Ed. Westport Church, Malmesbury, and Oxford (Magdalen Hall). Hobbes, who had begun to learn Latin and Greek at the age of six, was for twenty years tutor to Mr. Cavendish (later Earl of Devonshire), and afterwards to his son. He had not only exceptional leisure for study, but in the course of foreign tours 348