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 HAWTHORNE

HAZLITT

in New York. Hawkins continued to write and lecture on educational reform, and he was chiefly instrumental in securing a National Bureau of Education. His Ration alism may be read in his Roman Catholic Church in New York City (1880). D. July 24, 1886.

HAWTHORNE, Julian, American novelist, son of Nathaniel Hawthorne. B. 1846. Ed. Harvard. After some years at electrical engineering, which he had studied in Germany and the United States, he adopted a literary career. Ho has written about thirty novels, a History of the United States (1899), and several literary works. In Hawthorne and His Circle (1903) he says that his father had a pew in the Unitarian Church at Liverpool, where the j father was for a time stationed, and sent him | to occupy it on Sundays (never attending j himself), but he &quot; never learned to repeat j a creed, far less to comprehend its signi ficance&quot; (p. 190). He is a Theist.

HAWTHORNE, Nathaniel, American novelist. B. July 4, 1804. Ed. Bowdoin College. After graduating he gave his attention to literature and journalism, and in 1837 the publication of the first collec tion of his Twice-Told Tales vindicated his talent. He, however, worked in the Boston Custom House from 1839 to 1841, and then spent a year with the Transcendental- ists at Brook Farm. He w r as compelled to return to the Civil Service, but the Scarlet Letter secured his literary position in 1850. The grim Puritanism described in it, the atmosphere of his youth, had been dis carded by him at college, and he never afterwards went to church (F. P. Stearns, The Life and Genius of N. Hawthorne, 1906, p. 422). He was deeply religious within the limits of Theism, but he was so far from association with any Christian sect that &quot; his own family did not know what his religious opinions were &quot; (ibidem, p. 423). D. May 18, 1864.

HAYNES, Edmund Sidney Pollock,

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lawyer and writer. B. Sep. 26, 1877. Ed. Eton and Oxford (Balliol). He was Brakenbury Scholar at Oxford. Mr. Haynes engaged as a solicitor in the firm of which his father was a partner at London, and he is now a partner of the firm. He married Professor Huxley s grand-daughter, Oriana Waller. His important professional position has not prevented him from being one of the most powerful opponents of the clergy on the subject of divorce reform, on which he has written and lectured much, or from publishing Rationalist works (Religious Persecution, 1904 ; The Belief in Personal Immortality, 1913). He is an Agnostic, and a life-member of the R. P. A.

HAYWARD, Abraham, Q.C., lawyer. B. Nov. 22, 1801. Ed. private schools Bath and Tiverton. He entered the Inner Temple in 1824 and became a barrister, writing in the magazines, and editing the Law Magazine (1828-44). In 1838 he pub lished an excellent translation of Goethe s Faust, and he became Queen s Councillor in 1845. Hayward greatly offended English Rationalists in 1873 by an unpleasant letter on J. S. Mill in the Times, but he had not himself ceased to be an Agnostic. In the Spectator, May 10, 1919, a letter from Kinglake to Sir M. Grant-Duff is quoted, in which it is said that &quot;no clergyman invaded his peace &quot; at his death, and his last words were : &quot; We know nothing. There is something great&quot; (p. 590). D. Feb. 2, 1884.

HAZLITT, William, critic and essayist. B. Apr. 10, 1778. Ed. Hackney Theo logical College. He withdrew from his preparation for the ministry and devoted himself to portrait painting. Making the acquaintance of Coleridge, Lamb, Godwin, and Holcroft, he turned to letters, and published an Essay on the Principles of Human Action (1805). In 1812 he gave a course of lectures on philosophy at the Russell Institution. His Characters of Shakespeare s Plays (1817) and Table Talk (1821-22) placed him in the front rank of

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