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 and Jena and Berlin Universities. Hauptmann interrupted his studies in sculpture to take up science, but he returned to sculpture and worked in Italy. In 1885 he turned to letters, and, influenced by Ibsen, he wrote a series of very unconventional social plays. His great drama, Die Weber, was produced in Berlin in 1892. In his later works (Die Versunkene Glocke, 1897, etc.) Hauptmann is mystic and symbolical, combining a kind of Theism or Pantheism with his social idealism. There is an English edition of his collected works (1913, etc.).

 HAURÉAU, Jean Barthelemy, French historian. B. Nov. 9, 1812. He was a Parisian journalist, who, in 1838, became librarian at Le Mans and devoted himself to history. His Manuel du Clergé (1844) was a powerful anti-clerical work, and at the Revolution of 1848 he was appointed Conservator of the National Library. He resigned in 1851 and strongly opposed Napoleon III. He was Director of the National Press (1870–81), Director of the Fondation Thiers, and Commander of the Legion of Honour. Perhaps the most valuable of his many historical works is his Histoire de la philosophie scolastique (3 vols., 1872–81). D. Apr. 29, 1896.

 HAÜY, Valentin, French educationist. B. Nov. 13, 1745. Ed. Paris. After teaching for some years at Paris he entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It was owing to his fine and persistent efforts that the first school for blind children was established in France in 1784. It was taken over by the Government in 1791. Haüy, who was a Theophilanthropist, pursued his work in Russia from 1806 to 1817, then again in France until his death. Nearly every country in Europe was stirred by his zeal and example. D. Mar. 18, 1822.

 HAVET, Professor Ernest Auguste Eugène, French writer. B. Apr. 11, 1813. Ed. École Normale. He was appointed professor of Greek literature at the École Normale in 1840, and of Latin eloquence at the College de France in 1855. When Renan's Vie de Jésus appeared in 1863, Havet boldly supported it by an article in the Revue des Deux Mondes. He then entered upon a prolonged and valuable study of Christian origins, which is finally summed in his Le Christianisme et ses origines (3 vols., 1872–84). He was a member of the Legion of Honour and of the Academy of Political and Social Science. D. Dec. 21, 1889.

 HAVLICEK, Karel, Czek writer. B. Oct. 31, 1821. Ed. Archiepiscopal Seminary, Prague. He was a private tutor at Moscow 1842–44, but he returned to Prague, and founded the National Gazette. It was suppressed after the Revolution, and Havlicek was interned in the Tirol, where he wrote his biting Tiroler Elegien. He continued the work after his return to Bohemia in 1855. His satires and epigrams, which often assail religion (as in "The Baptism of St. Vladimir"), were collected and published in 1877. D. July 29, 1856.

 HAWKESWORTH, John, LL.D., writer. B. 1715. Having had little education, he served as a clerk until 1744, when he joined the staff of the Gentleman's Magazine. He edited the Adventurer (1752–54) and the works and letters of Swift, and wrote a number of plays and stories. In 1771 he was commissioned by the Government to compile the record of voyages to the South Seas, and he caused great scandal by refusing to admit that narrow escapes were due to Providence. He was clearly very sceptical. In 1773 he became a Director of the East India Company. D. Nov. 16, 1773.

 HAWKINS, Dexter Arnold, American educationist. B. June 23, 1825. Ed. Bowdoin College. From 1848 to 1852 he lectured in the teachers institutions of Maine, but he then studied law at Harvard and Paris, and in 1854 began to practise