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 GUYAU

HAECKEL

only a hope of a future life, pleads for an intermediate attitude between orthodoxy and Positivism. D. June 23, 1888.

GUYAU, Jean Marie, French philo sopher. B. Oct. 28, 1854. Educated by his mother (who wrote under the pen- name of &quot; Giordano Bruno&quot;), he won the Academy prize at the age of nineteen by an essay on utilitarian morality. His health compelling him to decline a pro fessorship, he settled in the south of France, and wrote several notable books on natural ethics and religion (Esquisse d une morale sans obligations ni sanctions, 1885; L irreligion de I avenir, 1886, etc.). Like Fouillee, his step-father, he stresses the sociological factor and eliminates all theology. D. Mar. 31, 1888.

GUYOT, Yves, French statesman and economist. B. Sep. 6, 1843. Ed. Eennes Lycee. He settled in Paris in 1867, for a time edited the Eationalist Pensee Nouvelle, and was a member of the Municipal Council. In 1876 he organized the Voltaire centenary festival. He en tered the Chambre in 1885, and was Minister of Public Works 1889-92. His chief Eationalist works are Etudes sitr les doctrines sociales du christianisme (1873) and Le bilan de I eglise (1883). Guyot has been at various times Vice-President of the Society of Political Economy and President of the Anthropological Society, the Statistical Society, and the Society of -Aerial Navigation ; and he is a member of the English Eoyal Statistical Society and the American Academy of Political and Social Science.

GYLLENBORG, Count Gustaf Friedrik Yon, Swedish poet. B. Dec. 6, 1731. Gyllenborg, whose didactic poem, The Seasons, had a high repute, occasionally expresses his Deistic sentiments in his satires, fables, and odes. He was one of the first members of the Swedish Academy (1786), and was at one time Chancellor of Upsala University. D. Mar. 30, 1808.

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HACHETTE, Jean Nicolas Pierre,

French mathematician. B. May 6, 1769. Ed. Charleville and Eheims. He taught, in succession, at Eocroy, Mezieres, and Callioure ; and at the formation of the Polytechnic School at Paris he was invited to teach geometry there and at the Normal School. In 1810 he became also professor at the Paris Faculty of Science. The Clericals withdrew most of his appoint ments after 1816, and prevented him from taking a seat in the Academy of Sciences until 1831. Hachette was one of the great French mathematicians of the time, and was loaded with honours. D. Jan. 16, 1834.

HADDON, Professor Alfred Cort,

M.A., D.Sc., F.E.S., ethnologist. B. May 24, 1855. Ed. Cambridge (Christ s College). He was professor of botany at the Dublin Eoyal College of Science 1880-1901, Uni versity Lecturer in Ethnology at Cam bridge 1900-1909, and Lecturer in Eth nology at London University 1904-1909. He is now University Eeader in Ethnology at Cambridge, and has contributed many important works to his science. He was at one time President of the Eoyal Anthro pological Institute, and was President of the Ethnological Section of the British Association in 1902 and 1905. Mr. Had- don is a member of the Eationalist Press Association and one of the leading ethno logists in Europe.

HAECKEL, Professor Ernst Heinrich,

M.D., Ph.D., Sc.D., LL.D., German zoolo gist. B. Feb. 16, 1834. Ed. Merseburg Gymnasium, and Berlin and Wiirzburg Universities. He graduated in medicine, but never practised. After wavering for a year or two between painting and bio logical science, for both of which he had great gifts, he decided for the latter. In 1861 he became private teacher, in 1862 extraordinary professor, and in 1865 ordi nary professor, of zoology at Jena Univer sity. Already detached from orthodoxy by the writings of Goethe, he eagerly embraced the teaching of Darwin, and 318