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a member of the International Institute of Sociology, the Sociological Society (London), and the American Academy of Political and Social Science.

GROT, Professor Nikolai YakoleYich,

Eussian psychologist. 13. 1852. Ed. St. Petersburg. He occupied the chair of philosophy at, in succession, Niezhin (1876-83), Odessa (1883-86), and Moscow (1886-99). In his numerous works on psychology and philosophy, and his review of those sciences, he at first strongly opposed mysticism and metaphysics (The Psychology of Sensations, etc.), then (after 1885) he accepted metaphysics and natural religion, and finally (1895-99) he returned to empirical psychology and taught a Monistic Pantheism. D. May 23, 1899.

GROTE, George, D.C.L., LL.D., his torian. B. Nov. 17, 1794. Ed. Charter house. Leaving school early in order to enter his father s bank, Grote devoted his leisure assiduously to study, especially the study of philosophy and economics. He came under the influence of James Mill, who introduced him to Bentham in 1819 ; and in 1822 they issued (under the pseudonym of &quot;Philip Beauchamp &quot;) a scathing and brilliant Rationalist essay, An Analysis of the Influence of Natural Religion on the Temporal Happiness of Mankind. It dras tically rejects all religion, including Theism. Bentham provided the material, which Grote put into shape. Grote was one of the most active workers for the London University. He left its council for a time when they appointed a clergyman as pro fessor of philosophy, and in 1866 he pre vented Martineau from occupying the chair. He sent 500 to Charles Comte [SEE] and the French Revolutionaries of 1830, and he was a devoted worker for parliamentary and educational reform in England. Retiring from his bank in 1843, he applied himself to the writing of his masterly History of Greece (which he had begun in 1822), and published the first two volumes in 1846. The eleventh volume 311

appeared in 1853, and he then began his Plato and the other Companions of Sokrates (3 vols., 1865). He became Treasurer of University College in 1860, and at his death left it 6,000 to endow a chair of philosophy. D. June 18. 1871.

GROTE, Harriet, writer. B. July 1, 1792. Daughter of an Indian Civil servant named Lewin, she married George Grote in 1820 and gave him valuable and sympa thetic assistance in his life-work. She linked him with the French Rationalists, and was herself &quot; one of the chief inter mediaries of her time between France and England &quot; (Diet. Nat. Biog.). She wrote biographies of Ary Scheffer and of her husband (The Personal Life of George Grote, 1873), and other works. Harriet Grote was a very gifted woman and a strong Rationalist. Hearing that her niece, Lady Duff-Gordon, had entered the Church of England, she sent her &quot; a sarcastic, cutting letter &quot; (Three Generations of English Women, 1893, p. 442). D. Dec. 29, 1878.

GRUN, Karl, German writer. B. Sep. 30, 1817. Ed. Bonn and Berlin Uni versities. He became a teacher at Colmar, then editor of a paper at Mannheim. Expelled from Baden on account of his opinions, he lectured for some years in Cologne, and was again expelled for his heresies. After four years in France, he returned to Germany in 1848, and he was expelled in 1849. He then spent some years, writing and lecturing, in France and Italy. His works (including studies of Goethe, Schiller, and Feuerbach, and fine cultural histories of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries) are very numerous. D. Feb. 18, 1887.

GRUYER, Louis Auguste Jean Francois Philippe, Belgian writer. B. Nov. 15, 1778. Ed. College des Augustins and Ecole Centrale. He entered his father s business, but in 1799 he took service in the French army, passing to the French Civil Service in 1801. Gruyer 312