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 GRILE, DOD &quot;

GROPPALI

Agnosticism &quot; (p. 148). The entire chapter is Rationalistic. D. Mar. 9, 1908.

&quot; GRILE, Dod.&quot; See BIERCE, AMBROSE.

GRILL PA RZER, Franz, Austrian dramatist. B. Jan. 15, 1791. Ed. Vienna. Compelled to discontinue his legal studies, GriUparzer was a clerk in the Treasury until 1856, devoting his leisure to letters and philosophy. His first tragedy, Die Ahnfrau, was presented at Vienna in 1817. The poems and plays which succeeded gave him a commanding position in Austrian literature. In 1847 he was admitted to the Academy of Science, and in 1861 he entered the Austrian Upper House. He was a Theist, and a great admirer of Kant and Goethe. His col lected works were published in ten volumes in 1871, and there are many biographies of him. D. Jan. 21, 1872.

GRIMM, Baron Friedrich Melchior von, German writer. B. Dec. 26, 1723. Ed. Leipzig. He settled in Paris and became a close friend of Rousseau, Diderot, : Holbach, and D Alembert, sharing the | views of the Deists. During thirty-six years he wrote letters to various German j princes, and they afford a valuable picture I of the times as well as an expression of his j opinions (Correspondance litteraire, philo- sopliique, et critique, 16 vols., 1877-82). After 1775 he was plenipotentiary minister at Paris of the Duke of Gotha. He left at the Revolution, and became Councillor to Catherine the Great. D. Dec. 19, 1807.

GRISEBACH, Eduard, German writer. B. Oct. 9, 1845. Ed. Gottingen University. Adopting a diplomatic career and serving some years in the embassies at Rome and Constantinople, he became, in succession, German Consul at Smyrna, Vice-Consul at Jassy (1876), and Consul at Bucharest (1880), at St. Petersburg (1881), at Milan (1883), and at Haiti (1884). He is a fol lower of Schopenhauer, whose works he edited. Of his own works his (anonymous) 309

volume of poems, Der neue Tannhduser (1869), is most characteristic.

GROOME, Francis Hindes, writer. B. Aug. 30, 1851. Ed. Wyke Regis, Ipswich Grammar School, and Oxford (Corpus Christi). Groome had become acquainted with the gypsies at Ipswich, and after leaving Oxford he, though a son of the Archdeacon of Suffolk, spent some years among them in various parts of the con tinent and married a woman of gipsy blood. In 1876 he settled to a literary life in Edinburgh. He edited the Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland, and he was on the literary staff of W. and R. Chambers. He was one of the highest authorities on the gypsies. In his fine appreciation of Fitzgerald (Two Suffolk Friends, 1895) he plainly endorses his scepticism (p. 77). D. Jan. 24, 1902.

GROOS, Professor Karl, German psychologist. B. Sep. 10, 1861. Ed. Heidelberg University. In 1889 he became a private teacher of philosophy at Giessen University, and three years later he was appointed professor. In 1898 he passed to Basle University. Groos is mainly in terested in psychological aesthetics, from which he excludes metaphysical considera tions. He has won considerable repute by his analysis of play, in animals and men (Die Spiele der Thiere, 1896 ; Die Spieleder Menschen, 1899). In regard to religion he follows the Pantheistic philosophy of Schelling.

GROPPALI, Professor Alessandro,

Ph.D., Italian sociologist. B. May 5, 1874. He became professor of the philo sophy of law and of sociology at Modena University. Groppali is a distinguished member of the Italian Positivist School. He calls Ardigo &quot;our greatest thinker,&quot; and agrees with him in regard to religion (in preface to V. Osimo s Appunti di Filo- sofia Contemporanea, 1905). He edited the Bassegna di Sociologia, wrote many works on philosophy and social questions, and is

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