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progressive. The Emperor drove him from France, to which he returned in 1859. During the War he was Deputy for Paris, and he was imprisoned for his share in the Commune. D. Sep. 17, 1887.

GARCIA-YAO, Antonio Rodriguez,

Spanish writer. B. 1862. Ed. Institute of Cardinal Cisneros and Madrid Univer sity. A successful Madrid lawyer, he joined the Liberal and Eationalist move ment, and contributed to the Freethought organ, Las Dominicales del Libre Pensa- miento. His works are Eationalistic. He was assassinated Dec. 18, 1886.

GARDENER, Helen Hamilton. See

DAY, H. H. G.

GARIBALDI, Giuseppe, Italian soldier. B. July 4, 1807. Son of a sailor of Nice, he went to sea at an early age, though his father wanted him to be a priest. He took part in the conspiracy of 1834, and had to fly from Italy. After an adven turous life, partly in South America, he returned to Italy, and began to take a leading part in the struggle for emancipa tion. After the failure of the Eepublic of 1848 he went again to America, returning to Italy in 1859, and leading his famous expedition to Sicily and Naples in 1860. He fought fresh campaigns in 1862 and 1866, and in 1870 he served in the French Army against Germany. In 1872 he was elected to the Italian Parliament. Gari baldi had a profound contempt for Eome

- the Sacred Shop,&quot; as he called it and all creeds and ecclesiastical institutions (The Birth of Modern Italy, by J. W. Mario, 1909, p. 199). He rejected Mazzini s Theism and had no religion. In his Life of Giuseppe Garibaldi (1881) Bent quotes a letter of his, written in 1880 (near the end of his life), which runs : &quot; Dear Friends, Man has created God ; not God man. Yours ever, Garibaldi.&quot; Bent shows that to his last moment he discarded all religion (p. 299). D. June 2, 1882.

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GARNETT, Edward William, writer. B. 1868. Son of Dr, Eichard Garnett, ho opened his literary career in 1888 with the novel, The Paradox Club. He has written three plays, besides several novels, intro duced various Eussian novels (translated by Mrs. Garnett), and edited &quot; The Overseas Library.&quot; Perhaps his most characteristic publication is the volume of prose poems, An Imaged World (1894) ; but his Eation- alism is best seen in his completion of his father s Life of W. J. Fox (1910, p. 298, etc.).

GARNETT, Lucy Mary Jane, writer. Daughter of Thos. Garnett, F.E.C.S., she has lived many years in the East, and her works on Greece and Turkey are of value. She discusses the Turks without Christian bias, and is equally impartial in her Greek Folk-Poesy (1885). In 1893 she received a Civil List Pension for her services to literature.

GARNETT, Richard, LL.D., C.B., writer. B. Feb. 27, 1835. Ed. private school. He read Greek, German, and Italian at the age of thirteen, and, refusing to go to Oxford or Cambridge, he entered the service of the British Museum. In 1875 he became Assistant-Keeper of printed books and superintendent of the reading room, and in 1890 Keeper. He was president of the Bibliographical Society 1895-97, and he retired from the Museum in 1899. His Twilight of the Gods (1903) and Life of W. J. Fox (1910) show that he &quot; cherished a genuine and somewhat mystical sense of religion, which I combined hostility to priestcraft and dogma with a modified belief in astrology &quot; (Diet. Nat. Biog.}. D. Apr. 13, 1906.

GARRISON, William Lloyd, American reformer. B. Dec. 10, 1805. He was apprenticed to printing while still a boy, worked up to journalism, and in 1826 edited the Newburyport Free Press. It was in 1829 that he took up the cause of Abolition, and in 1831 (after a term of

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