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 GALSWORTHY

GAMBON

but was not qualified by sufficiently long residence in America. He was sent to Congress in 1795, and became Secretary to the Treasury in 1801. This office he held until 1813, and his mastery of finance was of great service to the States. From 1815 to 1823 he was minister to France at Paris, and in 1826-27 he was envoy extra ordinary to Great Britain. In later years he devoted himself to history, ethnology, and education, and helped to found the New York University. His biographer, J. A. Stevens (in the &quot; American Statesmen Series, 1884), remarks that his aim was to have &quot; a foundation free from the influence of clergy.&quot; He, in fact, soon resigned from the Council, because &quot; a certain portion of the clergy had obtained control.&quot; His son, James Gallatin, makes it clear in his diary (A Great Peacemaker, 1914) that Albert Gallatin adopted in his youth the Deism of Voltaire, who had been a warm friend f his grandmother. Count Gallatin (who edits the Diary) says the same in his Preface. Gallatin was an idealistic statesman as well as an able financier. He worked for peace and attacked slavery. D. Aug. 12, 1849.

GALSWORTHY, John, writer. B. 1867. Ed. Harrow and Oxford. Mr. Galsworthy does not encourage biographers, but he was called to the Bar in 1890 and turned to letters (Jocelyn) eight years afterwards. To date he has written a score of novels and ten plays, and is a great force for progressive ideas. His Rationalism is best seen in his Moods, Songs, and Doggerels (1911). The opening poem, &quot; A Dream,&quot; is dimly Theistic. &quot; My faith but shadows that required of men.&quot;

GALTON, Sir Francis, D.Sc., D.C.L., F.R.S., founder of Eugenics. B. Feb. 16, 1822, grandson of Erasmus Darwin. Ed. Birmingham (King Edward s School), London (King s College), and Cambridge (Trinity College). His father, a Quaker, having left him a fortune, he gave himself to travel and sport, with an increasing 277

interest in science. In 1863 he became general secretary of the British Association. His studies in heredity began in 1865, and four years later he published his Hereditary Genius. In 1884 he founded an anthro- pometric laboratory. For the science of Eugenics (a name invented by him) he founded a research fellowship and a scholarship at University College, and left 45,000 to found a chair. He was knighted in 1909, and he held medals from the English and French Geographical Societies, the Huxley medal, the Darwin medal, the Darwin-Wallace medal, etc. Professor K. Pearson says in his Life and Letters of F. Gallon (i, 207): &quot;There is little doubt that from this period [1846] he ceased to be an orthodox Christian in the customary sense.&quot; Galton himself says, more can didly, in a letter to Darwin : &quot; Your book drove away the constraint of my old superstition, as if it had been a nightmare &quot; (p. 207). D. Jan. 17, 1911.

GAMBETTA, Leon Michel, French statesman. B. Apr. 3, 1838. He was admitted to the Paris Bar in 1859, and it was not long before he made himself conspicuous as a Rationalist politician. He made drastic attacks, in court, on the reactionary second Empire, and, entering Parliament, led the Deputies of the Left. In 1870 he was Minister of the Interior in the Provisional Government, and in 1871 he founded La Republique Franqaise. During the seventies he was the most powerful opponent of the Royalist-Clerical reaction, and their political intrigues brought out his famous war-cry : &quot; Le clericalisme voila 1 ennemi.&quot; He was President of the Chambre in 1879 ; Pre mier in 1881. The modern Republic, and French Rationalism, owe an incalculable debt to his energy and oratory. D, Dec. 31, 1882.

GAMBON, Ferdinand Charles, French politician. B. Mar. 19, 1820. A lawyer, and editor of the Journal des Ecoles, he entered Parliament in 1848 as an ardent

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