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 FILANGIERI

FISKE

Eationalist lawyer of Madrid, who entered i the Cortes in 1850, and led the Republicans, j In 1868 he collaborated with Salmeron j [SEE] in opposing the monarchy, and at j the establishment of a Republic in 1873 he ! was chosen President of the Provisional Council. He directed that (as was done) he should have a secular funeral. D. Nov. 11, 1882.

FILANGIERI, The Cavaliere Gaetano,

Italian jurist. B. Aug. 18, 1752. Son of Prince C. d Arianella, he served some years in the Neapolitan army, then took up law and was appointed Court-Advocate. His high position was consistently used to advance reform. His Scienza della Legis- lazione (8 vols., 1780-88), written in the spirit of Montesquieu, was put on the Index, but it had a large circulation, in various languages. In 1787 he was the first Royal Counsellor for Finance. D. July 21, 1788.

FINKE, Professor Heinrich, Ph.D., German historian. B. June 13, 1855. Ed. Minister Gymnasium and Academy, and Tubingen and Gottingen Universities. He was Archivist of Schleswig 1882-87, teacher of history at Miinster University 1887-97, and professor of history at Freiburg Uni versity in 1898. In 1906 he was made Privy Councillor. Professor Finke has written many important works on the ! Middle Ages, which do not spare the Church, and he is a frequent lecturer for j the German Monists and a strong supporter of Professor Haeckel.

FIORENTINO, Professor Francesco,

Italian philosopher. B. May 1, 1834. Ed. Naples University. He was studying for the Church when the Garibaldians arrived, and he then abandoned the Church and devoted himself to philosophy. He taught at Spoleto, then at, in succession, the uni versities of Bologna, Pisa, and Naples. Besides editing the works of Giordano Bruno (1879-84), he wrote La Filosofia contemporanea in Italia (1876) and other

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works. Fiorentino was a moderate Hegelian and anti-clerical. D. Dec. 22, 1884.

FISCHER, Johann Georg, German poet. B. Oct. 25, 1816. Ed. Tubingen University. He was professor of history and geography at Stuttgart High School, but a volume of poems (Gedichte, 1854) opened a new path and he devoted himself to letters. His poetry was very popular, and many of his dramas celebrate the defeat of the Papacy in the Middle Ages. In 1882 he received the Order of Personal Nobility. D. May 4, 1897.

FISCHER, Professor Ernst Kuno Berthold, German philosopher. B. July 23, 1824. Ed. Leipzig and Halle Universities. He was professor of philosophy at Heidel berg 1849-53, but the Rationalist senti ments of the first volume of his History of Modern Philosophy (1853) brought about his retirement. From 1853 to 1872 he taught philosophy at Jena, then at Heidel berg once more. He was a great friend of Strauss and a Privy Councillor to the Grand Duke of Weimar. Fischer wrote very sympathetically on Bruno and Goethe, and in his own works expounds a modified Hegelian system. D. 1907.

FISKE, Professor John, American philosopher. B. Mar. 30, 1842. Ed. Harvard. Instead of practising law, in which he had been educated, he took up letters and philosophy, and in 1869 began to lecture on philosophy at Harvard. In 1879 he lectured at London University College, and in 1880 at the Royal Institu tion. In 1884 he was appointed professor of American history at Washington Univer sity, and he was joint editor of Appleton s Cyclopaedia of American Biography (1888- 1900). Fiske did much to introduce Spencer s philosophy in America, though he was Theistic. He accepted an &quot; un knowable &quot; God, believed in immortality as an act of faith, and rejected Christian doctrines. See J. S. Clark s Life and Letters of J. Fiske (2 vols., 1917), and

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