Page:A biographical dictionary of modern rationalists.djvu/161

 FERRER Y GUARDIA

FERRY

a Positivist in the Italian sense. D. July 1, 1876.

FERRER Y GUARDIA, Francisco,

Spanish teacher. B. Jan. 10, 1859. He was sent, with scanty education, into a shop, and in his early manhood he became an inspector of railways. In 1885 he took part in an unsuccessful revolt and fled to Paris. Ferrer had already become an Agnostic, and had educated himself. A French lady bequeathed to him the money to found his &quot; Modern School &quot; at Barce lona, and it was opened in 1901. In the next five years more than fifty schools were founded on the same model, and the reactionary authorities decided to ruin him. After an abortive scheme to impli cate him in an attempt to assassinate the King in 1906, he was arrested for com plicity in the Barcelona rising of 1909 and, after a shameless travesty of military justice, condemned to be shot. On his prison wall he wrote : &quot; Let no more gods or exploiters be served. Let us learn rather to love each other.&quot; William Archer (Life, Trial, and Death of F. Ferrer, 1911) and Professor Simarro, of Madrid University (El Proceso Ferrer, 1910), have fully vindicated him. He was a philosophical Anarchist, deeply averse from violence, and absolutely innocent of the charge made against him. See also the English translation of his one work, The Origin and Ideals of the Modern School (1913). He was judicially murdered, by Church and State, Oct. 12, 1909.

FERRERO, Guglielmo, Italian sociolo gist. B. 1872. Ferrero is an independent writer of the Positivist school, one of the leading Italian criminologists, and a high authority on ancient Rome. In 1905 he gave a brilliant series of lectures on the Roman Empire at the College de France, and in 1908 he was Lowell lecturer. There are English translations of his Female Offender (1895) and Characters and Events of Boman History (1909), but his chief work is Grandezza e decadenza di 249

Roma (3 vols., 1904-1905). In an Ameri can symposium on the future life (In After Days, 1910, ch. viii) Ferrero declines to subscribe to the belief.

FERRI, Professor Enrico, Italian criminologist. B. Feb. 25, 1856. Ed. Bologna, Pisa, and Paris. He taught penal law at Turin in 1879, was professor of the same at Bologna University in 1880-81 and at Siena University in 1882- 86, teacher at Rome University 1886-90, professor at Pisa 1891-93, at Rome 1894, and at Brussels 1895-96. With Lombroso he counts as the founder of modern Italian criminology. Ferri is a pupil and enthusi astic admirer of Ardigo [SEE], and &quot; rejects every religion under the sun &quot; (letter to compiler). He was for a time Socialist leader in Parliament and editor of Avanti. He founded L Archivio di Psichiatria, and has written many valuable works on penal law and reform.

FERRI, Luigi, Italian philosopher. B. June 15, 1826. ^ Ed. Bologna, and Lycee Bourbon and Ecole Normale Sup6rieure, Paris. He taught philosophy at various French provincial colleges, and he was in 1858 appointed inspector of the teaching of philosophy in the secondary schools of Italy. In 1860 he became secretary to the Minister of Public Instruction, in 1863 professor at the Institute of Higher Studies, and in 1871 professor at Rome University. His many works on philosophy and psy chology expound a Rationalism of the eclectic or spiritual school, like that of Cousin. He was a corresponding member of the French Institut, member of the Academia dei Lincei and of the Council of Higher Education, and Chevalier of the Order of Merit. D. Mar., 1895.

FERRY, Jules Francois Camille,

French statesman. B. Apr. 5, 1832. He began to practise at the Paris Bar in 1865, and at the same time joined the staff of the Temps. In 1869 he entered the Legis lative Assembly, and in 1870 was secretary 250