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 DEUMMOND

DUBUISSON

a series of lectures delivered at London University).

DRUMMOND, The Right Honourable Sir William, F.E.S., D.C.L., diplomatist. B. 1770. Ed. Perth and Oxford (Christ s Church). He entered Parliament in 1795, and in 1801 was admitted to the Privy Council and appointed minister pleni potentiary at Naples. In 1803 he went as ambassador to Constantinople, returning to Naples in 1806. Drummond received the Order of the Crescent. He wrote several works of a philosophical character, including a Deistic study of the Old Testa ment, (Edipus Judaicus (1811). Shelley, who knew him, describes him as &quot; an adversary of Christianity&quot; (Dowden s Life, ii, 290). D. Mar. 29, 1828.

DRUSKOWITZ, Helene von, Ph.D.,

M.D., Austrian writer. B. May 2, 1858. Ed. Zurich University and Vienna Conser- vatorium. In 1882 she settled at Vienna as writer and lecturer, and won high repute. She founded the Tolstoi Society, and estab lished the Frauen Revue (1904). Fraulein Druskowitz is not only one of the chief Feminist leaders in Austria, but a literary writer of distinction. In religion she is mystic, but not a Theist, and she is very far from Christianity (see Der Uberwelt ohne Gott, 1900).

DRYSDALE, Charles Robert, M.D., M.E.C.P., F.E.C.S., physician. B. 1829. Ed. St. Andrew s University. Dr. Drysdale was Physician to the North London Con sumption Hospital, and later (until he died) Consulting Physician of the Metro politan Hospital. He had a hearty disdain of creeds, but was chiefly devoted to the work of the Malthusian League, which he founded. D. Dec. 2, 1907.

DUBOC, Julius, German writer. B. Oct. 10, 1829. Ed. Giessen, Leipzig, and Berlin Universities. After extensive travel he settled at Dresden and devoted himself to literature and political journalism. In 223

his Leben ohne Gott (1875) and Der Opti- mismus als Weltanschauung (1881) he follows Feuerbach and combines a high idealism with Atheism. He pleaded the rights of women and other reforms. D. June, 1903.

DUBOIS, Paul Francois, French edu cationist. B. June 2, 1795. Ed. Paris. He accepted the philosophy of Cousin, his teacher, and taught, successively, at Falaise, Limoges, Besa^on, and Paris. In 1824 he took up Saint-Simonianism, and was imprisoned for his bold utterances. The Eevolution of 1830 freed him, and he was appointed General Inspector of Public Instruction. In 1831 he entered the Chambre. In 1839 he became a member of the Council of Public Instruction, and in 1840 he succeeded Cousin as Director of the Normal School. D. June 12, 1874.

DU BOIS-REYMOND, Professor Emil,

German physiologist. B. Nov. 7, 1818. Ed. Neuchatel, and Bonn and Berlin Universities. He was educated in theology, but, abandoning the creed, he turned to science, and in 1841 began a memorable series of experiments on animal electricity. In 1855 he received the chair of physiology at Berlin University, and in 1867 he became perpetual secretary to the Academy of Sciences. Du Bois-Eeymond was not only one of the first physiologists of Europe, but one of the great Eationalists of Germany. The criticisms which Pro fessor Haeckel passes on him are based merely on the fact that from the somewhat dogmatic attitude of his earlier works (Voltaire, 1868 ; La Mettrie, 1875, etc.) he passed to a temperate Agnosticism (Uber die Grenzen des NaturerJcentniss, 1872 ; and Die sieben Weltrathsel, 1880). It is sheer ignorance to represent him as either Theistic or Christian. D. Dec. 26, 1896.

DUBUISSON, Paul Ulrich, French

dramatist. B. 1746. He visited America

several times, and was well prepared for

the Eevolution. In 1792 he was a Com-

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