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 DEAPAENAUD

DEIESCH

Ed. Queen s College, Cork, and Trinity College, Dublin. He ended a brilliant scholastic course by winning the senior moderatorship in logic and ethics, and in 1867 he was appointed professor of English literature at Dublin. In 1889 he was the first Taylorian Lecturer at Oxford, and in 1893 he was Clark Lecturer at Cambridge. He was Commissioner of National Educa tion in Ireland, and won the Cunningham Gold Medal. His Life of Shelley (2 vols., 1886) is invaluable, and contains a strong appreciation of the social influence of the great French Eationalists ; but his own nationalism is best seen in his Studies in Literature (1878, pp. 116-21). He wants a natural rather than a miraculous or traditional foundation for morality,&quot; rejects heaven and hell, is not sure about immor tality, and describes God as &quot;an inscrutable Power.&quot; D. Apr. 4, 1913.

DRAPARNAUD, Professor Jacques Philippe Raymond, M.D., French natu ralist. B. June 3, 1772. He studied medi cine and natural history, and was appointed professor of physics and chemistry at the College de Soreze. In 1802 he became professor of natural history at the Mont- pellier School of Medicine and Conservator of the Museum. Eationalism abounds in his published lectures. D. Feb. 1, 1805.

DRAPER, Professor John William,

M.D., LL.D., American chemist. E. (Liver pool) May 5, ]811. Ed. Woodhouse Grove School and London University College. In 1833 he migrated to America, and graduated in medicine at Pennsylvania University. He was appointed professor of chemistry and physiology at Hampton Sidney College in 1836, and at New York University in 1839. Draper was the first to photograph the moon and to apply the camera to the microscope, and his work in connection with light (especially in the field of spectro- scopy) and heat was very valuable. He obtained the Eumford Medal in 1875. He was a Theist, and believed in personal immortality ; but his History of the Intel- 221

lectual Development of Europe (1862) and History of the Conflict between Science and Religion are classics of Eationalist litera ture. D. Jan. 4, 1882.

DRESDEN, Edmond, philanthropist. Dresden is one of those Eationalists who are known only by the terms of their wills. He left almost his entire fortune of 340,000, apart from a few thousand pounds to servants and relatives and 6,000 to the National Lifeboat Institution, to various hospitals. He directed that the following inscription should be put on his tombstone : &quot; Here lie the remains of Edmond Dresden, who believed in no religion but that of being charitable to his fellow man and woman, both in word and deed.&quot; D. Dec. 17, 1903.

DREWS, Professor Arthur, Ph.D., German writer. B. Nov. 1, 1865. Ed. Altona Gymnasium, and Munich, Berlin, Heidelberg, and Halle Universities. He began to teach philosophy in 1896, and he has since 1898 been professor of philosophy at the Karlsruhe Technical High School. In his Eeligion als selbstbewusstsein Gottes (1908) and Geschichte des Monismus (1912) he expounds a Pantheistic Monism, but he is best known by his denial of the historicity of Christ (Die Christusmythe, 2 vols., 1910 and 1911, Eng. trans. 1912). He has written also a number of works on philo sophy.

DRIESCH, Professor Hans Adolf Eduard, Ph.D., LL.D., German philo sopher. B. Oct. 28, 1867. Ed. Hamburg, and Freiburg, Munich, and Jena Univer sities. Driesch spent two years in zoological research in the tropics and several at the Zoological Station at Naples. Since 1909, however, he has been professor of philo sophy at Heidelberg University. He was Gifford Lecturer at Aberdeen in 1907-1908. He is a Neo-Vitalist, but he rejects the idea of &quot; soul &quot; and speaks of God as an &quot;Absolute Eeality&quot; of unknown features (see his Problem of Individuality, 1914 222