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 CZOLBE

DAEUSMONT

scholars of Belgium and the highest living authority on Mithraism. He is a member of the Academie Eoyale de Belgique, the French Institut, and the Academies of Gottingen, Munich, Berlin, and Copen hagen ; and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy (1916). His chief works, which are entirely Eationalistic, are The Mysteries of Mithra (Eng. trans., 1903) and Les religions orientates dans le paganisme romain (1906).

CZOLBE, Heinrich, German philo sophical writer. B. Dec. 30, 1819. Ed. Dantzig Gymnasium and Berlin University. He became a military surgeon, and chief staff-surgeon at Konigsberg, but he devoted much attention to philosophy. His Neue Darstellung des Sensualismus, a Mate rialistic work, was published in 1855. In later years he became a Spinozist or Monist, and believed in the existence of a world-soul, but not of a spiritual nature. See Vaikinger, &quot; Die drei Phasen der Czolbschen Naturalismus,&quot; in the Philos. Monatshefte, Bd. 12, 1876. D. Feb. 19, 1873.

DAMILAYILLE, Etienne Noel, French writer. B. Nov. 21, 1723. After a period of service in the army, he entered the civil service, and was able to oblige Voltaire and his friends by passing their letters. Although a man of poor education, he became intimate with the Encyclopaedists, and wrote several Deistic works (Le Chris- tianisme DevoiU, 1756 ; L Honnetete Theo- logique, 1767). It is believed by many that the abler Encyclopaedists wrote these works and borrowed his name. D. Dec. 15, 1768.

DAMIRON, Jean Philibert, French philosopher. B. Jan. 10, 1794. Ed. Ville- franche College, Lycee Charlemagne, and Ecole Normale. He was a pupil of Cousin [SEE] and adopted his eclectic system. He became professor of the history of philosophy at the Ecole Normale, chevalier of the Legion of Honour (1833), and mem-

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her of the Institut (1836). Damiron wrote harshly of the Materialists, but he professed a philosophic Theism, and relegated Chris tianity to &quot; children and weaklings.&quot; D. Jan. 11, 1862.

DANDOLO, Count Yincenzo, Italian chemist. B. Oct. 26, 1758. Ed. Padua University. He opened a pharmacy at Venice and earned distinction in his science. When the Austrians took Venice, he went to Milan and became a member of the Grand Council. Napoleon appointed him Governor of Dalmatia, and his rule was very enlightened and progressive. In 1809 he was created Count and Senator. He wrote his Deistic and idealistic work, Les hommes nouveaux, in Paris in 1799. D. Dec. 13, 1819.

DARMESTETER, Agnes Mary Francis.

See DUCLAUX.

DARMESTETER, James, French orien talist. B. Mar. 28, 1849. Ed. Lyc6e Bonaparte, Paris. Darmesteter, who was of Jewish origin, devoted himself to oriental languages, and in 1877 became assistant professor of Zend at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes. In 1885 he passed to the chair of Iranian languages at the College de France, and in the following year he went to study the religions of India. He translated the Zend Avesta for &quot;The Sacred Books of the East&quot; (1880-83), and published many important works on India, Persia, and Judaea (Les prophetes d Israel, 1892, etc.). Gaston Paris has a fine appreciation of this distinguished scholar in his Penseurs et Poetes (1896). He rejected the Jewish faith in his youth, and &quot;he never, in the heaven of his thought, replaced the Jewish God on his overturned throne&quot; (p. 41). He taught a vague Theism, rejecting the idea of a future life. D. Oct. 19, 1894.

DARUSMONT, Frances, pioneer of woman movement. B. Sep. 6, 1795. Frances Wright her maiden name lost 192