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 CLEMENS

CLIFFORD

was so relentless a parliamentary critic that he was called &quot; the Tiger.&quot; His motto throughout life has been &quot;No Compromise.&quot; He is rather an Agnostic than a dogmatic Materialist, and the best exposition of his creed is in the prefaces to his La MeUe Sociale (1895) and La Grand Pan (1896), his finest work. All his work is sternly anti-clerical and humanitarian. He returned to the Chambre in 1902, became Minister of the Interior in 1906, and Prime Minister in 1917. Clemenceau has ren dered almost as much service to Eation- alism as to French civilization. All his works drastically reject, not only Chris tianity, but every shade of Theism ; and as most of the chapters appeared originally in the press, his readers are very numerous. In the last two decades of the nineteenth century he was one of the most powerful and prolific journalists in France. In con junction with Zola he took up, against the Church, the defence of Dreyfus, and it might almost be said that the revision of the sentence was due to his tireless campaign during six years. His articles on the case number more than a thousand. An Agnostic of the most uncompromising order, a statesman of inflexible principles, Clemenceau astonished the world by the energy with which he saved France during his Premiership (1917-20), at the close of his eighth decade of life. See Hyndman s Clemenceau, the Man and His Time (1919),
 * md McCabe s Georges Clemenceau (1919).

CLEMENS, Samuel Langhorne

(&quot;Mark Twain&quot;), American humorist. B. Nov. 30, 1835. Ed. Florida (Mo.) elementary school. He was in early life a compositor, then (1851) a pilot on the Mississippi. .The phrase &quot; Mark Twain &quot; was used in making soundings on the river, -and had previously been used as a pen- name. In successive years he became a reporter, a miner, and a humorous writer and lecturer. His first notable book was The Jumping Frog (1867), followed by The Innocents Abroad in 1869. From 1884 to .1894 he was interested in an enterprise 165

which failed, and he redeemed his debt by a world lecturing tour. His thorough Rationalism finds expression in his Christian Science (1903), Eve s Diary (1906), What is Man? (1906), and The Mysterious Stranger (1918). He rejected every form of religion and Theism. His disdainful sentiments towards Christianity are, naturally, most freely expressed in his Letters (2 vols., 1917). It is enough to quote one of Aug. 28, 1908 (eighteen months before he died), in reply to a man who asked if he would include Jesus among the hundred greatest men. He replies Yes, and Satan also, and more emphatically. He thinks that &quot; these two gentlemen &quot; have had more influence on a fifth of the race for 1,500 years than all other powers com bined ; and ninety-nine per cent, of the influence was Satan s, who &quot; was worth very nearly a hundred times as much to the business as was the influence of all the rest of the Holy Family put together &quot; (ii, 817). D, Apr. 21, 1910.

CLIFFORD, Martin, Master of the Charterhouse. B. early in the 17th cent. Ed. Westminster and Cambridge (Trinity College). Clifford led an idle and adventur ous life in London until 1671, when he was appointed Master of the Charterhouse. In 1674 he published anonymously A Treatise of Humane Reason, in which he recognizes reason as the only guide in religious matters. Although he calls himself a Christian, he has some shrewd criticisms of Christianity. He seems to have been a Deist. D. Dec. 10, 1677.

CLIFFORD, Professor William Kingdon, F.R.S., mathematician. B. May 4, 1845. Ed. Exeter, King s College, London, and Cambridge (Trinity College). He was second in the mathematical tripos. Clifford was at first a devout Anglican, but at Cambridge he read Darwin and Spencer, and in 1868 began to modify his creed. He became a Fellow of Trinity in 1868, professor of applied mathematics at Uni versity College (London) in 1871, and Fellow

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