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 CERUTTI

CHAMBEELAIN

various works of J. S. Mill, Spencer, and Bain. After 1870 he entered politics, as Republican and anti-clerical, and became Prefect of several Departments, Director of the Penitentiary Service (1879), Director of the Public Surety (1880), and member of the Council of State (1887). He was also an Officer of Public Instruction and a Commander of the Legion of Honour.

CERUTTI, Joseph Antoine Joachim,

Italian writer. B. June 13, 1738. Ed. Jesuit College, Turin. Cerutti joined the Jesuit Society, and taught with great dis tinction in one of the Jesuit colleges. At the dissolution of the Society he took to letters and embraced the Deistic opinions of the philosophers. His Breviaire Philo- sophique (to which he put the name of Frederic the Great) and his poem Les jardins de Betz (1792) are wholly sceptical. He accepted the Revolution, delivered a splendid funeral oration in memory of Mirabeau, and was elected to the Legis lative Assembly. D. Feb. 3, 1792.

CESAREO, Professor Giovanni Alfredo,

Italian poet and critic. B. Jan. 24, 1861. After teaching privately for some time in connection with the Roman University, Cesareo was appointed professor of Italian literature at the University of Palermo. Since 1881 he has written a series of brilliant and important literary works, a volume of verse, and a drama (Francesco, da Rimini), His Rationalism is seen in a very sympathetic article on Renan in the Nuova Antologia (Nov. 1, 1892, vol. xlii).

CHALLEMEL-LACOUR, Paul Armand,

French statesman. B. May 19, 1827. Ed. College St. Louis and the Ecole Norm ale, Paris. After some years as professor of philosophy at Pau, then at Limoges, he was expelled from France for taking part in the plot of 1851, and he became pro fessor of French literature at Zurich. He returned to France in 1859 and joined the anti-clerical politicians, especially Gam- betta. In 1870 he was Prefect of the 153

Department of the Rhone, in 1871 member of the Chambre, and in 1876 Senator. From 1880 to 1882 he was French Ambas sador at London, and was warmly attacked by the Irish Catholics. He became Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1883, Vice-President of the Chambre in 1890, and President of the Senate in 1893. His Pensees d un Pessimiste is very Rationalistic. D. Oct. 26, 1896.

CHALONER, Thomas, politician. B. 1595, son of Sir T. Chaloner. Ed. Oxford (Exeter College). During his continental tour Chaloner embraced Republican and Deistic views, and he continued throughout life to hold what Wood calls &quot;the natural religion.&quot; He was one of the judges of King Charles in 1648, a Councillor of State and Master of the Mint in 1651, and a member of the Rump Parliament in 1658. At the Restoration he fled to Holland. D. 1661.

CHAMBERLAIN, Professor Basil Hall,

writer on Japan. B. Oct. 18, 1850. Ed. at a French Lycee and by an English tutor. Professor Chamberlain, who is (like Houston Stewart Chamberlain, his younger brother) a son of Vice-Admiral Chamber lain, has been for many years Professor of Japanese and Philology at the Tokyo Imperial University, and has written various works on Japan. He is an Honorary Associate of the Rationalist Press Association.

CHAMBERLAIN, Daniel Henry,

American Governor. B. June 23, 1835. Ed. Harvard Law School. After graduating, Chamberlain began the practice of law, but the outbreak of the Civil War drew him into the army for a year. He resumed his profession and became the foremost lawyer of South Carolina. From 1868 to 1872 he was Attorney-General for that State, and from 1874 to 1877 Governor of the State. Few suspected that the powerful and high- minded Governor was a Rationalist, but he left behind him a profession of his faith

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