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 CATTANEO

GAZELLES

positive science, and has been called the &quot;Auguste Comte of Italy.&quot; After the defeat of the Austrians he was several times elected to Parliament, but, being a Eepublican as well as a nationalist, he refused to enter the Camera. D. Feb. 9, 1869.

CATTANEO, Professor Giacomo,

Italian anatomist. B. Sep. 23, 1857. Ed. Milan, and Padua University. Cattaneo devoted himself to biology, and in 1884 he became professor of anatomy and com parative physiology at Pavia University, from which he passed to Genoa University. He was one of the early Darwinians of Italy, and many of his numerous and important works on anatomy and physio logy enforce the evolutionary theory.

CATTELL, Charles, Secularist. B. 1830. In 1852 Mr. Cattell founded at Birmingham an &quot; Eclectic Institute &quot; which led to a friendship with G. J. Holyoake. He adopted Secularism, and he was for many years, and at great personal sacrifice, a zealous champion of its principles in the Midlands. Under the pen-name of &quot; Christopher Charles &quot; he frequently con tributed to the National Reformer and the Secular Review, and he published several Kationalist works. He worked also in the Co-operative and Labour movements and the Sunday League. D. 3910.

CAYAIGNAC, Eleonore Louis Gode- froy, French journalist. B. 1801. Ed. Paris. Cavaignac deserted the law-court for politics and journalism, and sustained a courageous struggle against the reactionary monarchy. He was one of the founders of the Societ6 des Amis du Peuple and the Societe des Droits de 1 Homme. He was imprisoned and exiled, but returned to France in 1841. J. S. Mill calls him &quot;the intensest of Atheists &quot; (Letters, i, 79). D. May 5, 1845.

CAYALLOTTI, Felice Carlo Em-

manuele, Italian poet and dramatist. B.

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Nov. 6, 1842. In his early youth Cavallotti opened a fiery campaign, by poems and journalism, against the Austrians and clericals, and he remained until the end very aggressive. His dramas had a great success in Italy. He fought under Gari baldi, and sat as a Republican and Atheist in the Italian Parliament. His works were published in ten volumes in 1895. D. Mar. 6, 1898.

CAVENDISH, The Honourable Henry,

F.E.S., natural philosopher. B. Oct. 10, 1731. Ed. Hackney Seminary and Cam bridge (Peterhouse). He adopted chemistry as his chief interest in life, and began in 1766 to write for the Royal Society. Cavendish discovered the composition of water, and made other very important contributions to chemistry and physics. He was eccentric in habit, but a man of the highest character and an outstanding figure in the history of science. In his Life of the Hon. H. Cavendish (published by the Cavendish Society, 1851) Dr. G. Wilson quotes the witness of a contem porary Fellow of the Royal Society : &quot;As to Cavendish s religion, he was nothing at all&quot; (p. 180). He never went to church, and seems to have been an Agnostic. D. Mar. 10, 1810.

CAYLA, Jean Mamert, French writer. B. 1812. Ed. College de Cahors. Cayla was a journalist, first at Toulouse and later at Paris, and author of various historical works. After the French expedition to Italy in defence of the Pope (1859) he began a violent polemic against the Church and the Empire, and from 1860 to 1876 issued a series of fiery anti - clerical pamphlets. D. Mar. 2, 1877.

GAZELLES, Emile Honore, M.D.,

French politician. B. Oct. 18, 1831. Ed. Paris. After graduating in medicine, Gazelles retired to engage in letters and the study of philosophy. He translated Moleschott s famous work (1866), Grote and Bentham s Natural Religion, and 152