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CARREL, Jean Baptists Nicolas Armand, French writer. B. May 8, 1800. Ed. Eouen College and the military school of St. Cyr. He served in the French army, and was in 1823 condemned to death for taking part in the Spanish Eevolution, but he escaped. He then took to letters and journalism, was a founder and co-editor of Le National, and one of the chief promoters of the July Eevolution. &quot; No priest and no church,&quot; he said when he was dying. D. July 24, 1836.

CARRIERE, Professor Moritz, German philosopher. B. Mar. 5, 1817. Ed. Giessen, Gottingen, and Berlin Universities. In 1849 he was appointed professor of philosophy at Giessen, and in 1853 at Munich. Professor Carriere follows Hegel in his earlier writings, but in his later works he professes a Pantheism (which he calls Theism) rather after the ideas of Fichte. Finite minds are, he says, acts of a Pantheistic divine will. D. Jan. 18, 1895.

CAR US, Professor Julius Yictor,

German zoologist. B. Aug. 25, 1823. Ed. Leipzig. In 1846 he became assistant- physician at the Leipzig hospital, and from 1849 to 1851 he was assistant to Sir Henry Acland at the Christ Church Anatomical Museum, Oxford. In 1853 he was appointed professor of comparative anatomy at Leip zig University. Professor Carus, besides writing a number of important zoological works, translated Lewes s Physiology of Common Life (1860), Aristotle (1866), and the complete works of Darwin. He lectured at Edinburgh University 1873 and 1874. D. Apr., 1903.

CARUS, Professor Karl Gustav,

German physician. B. Jan. 3, 1789. Ed. Leipzig. In 1814 he became professor of obstetrics and Director of the Obstetric Clinic at Dresden. In 1827 he was appointed physician to the King, and in 1862 President of the Imperial Leopol- dinske-Karolinische Academy. He was a friend of Goethe, and he generally sub- 117

scribed to the Monistic or Pantheistic philosophy. His scientific works are numerous and important, and his Verglei- chende Psychologic (1866) is regarded as the foundation of the science of compara tive psychology. D. July 28, 1869.

CARUS, Paul, Ph.D., American philo sophical writer. B. (Germany) July 18, 1852. Ed. Stettin Gymnasium, Strassburg University, and Tubingen (where he gradu ated). After teaching for some years at the Royal Cadet-Corps at Dresden, he in 1881 migrated to America. A teacher at first, he after a few years settled in Chicago, and devoted himself to the spread of the Monistic philosophy. His work was very generously endowed by his American father- in-law. His periodical, The Open Court, began in 1887, and, besides editing and constantly contributing to this and his more ambitious journal, The Monist, Dr. Carus has written a long series of works on philosophy and comparative religion. D. Feb. 11, 1919.

CASANOYA, Giovanni Jacques de Seingalt, Italian writer. B. Apr. 2, 1725. Ed. Padua. He entered the Church and received the minor orders. Abandoning the Church, he began the life of adventure which is familiar to readers of his Memoirs (12 vols., 1828-38). He was at various times secretary to a cardinal, an officer in the Venetian army, a violinist, librarian, secret police-agent, etc. He translated the Iliad into Italian. D. June 4, 1798.

CASIMIR-PERIER, Jean Paul Pierre,

fifth President of the French Eepublic. B. Nov. 8, 1847. He served in the Franco- Prussian War, and in 1874 he began his political career as Deputy of the Left Centre (which he abandoned for the Eepublican Left in 1879). He became Under- Secretary in the Ministry of Public Instruction in 1877, Under-Secretary in the Ministry of War in 1883, Vice- President of the Chambre in 1890, and President of the Charnbre in 1893.

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