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 CAEDUCCI

CAKLYLE

(Oriental Aphorisms, 1906, Fairy Surprises for Little Folks, 1908, etc.), but her chief work was to collaborate with Lester Ward in compiling and publishing his Glimpses of the Cosmos (12 vols., 1913). Like Professor Ward, she is an Agnostic and an ardent humanitarian. She has founded a School of Sociology in New York which has an important educational influence. Mrs. Cape is also a gifted painter.

CARDUCCI, Professor Giosue, Italian poet. B. July 27, 1836. Ed. Florence and Pisa Universities. He became pro fessor of Italian literature at Bologna in 1860, and in 1865 he wrote, under the pseudonym &quot; Enotrio Romano,&quot; a fiery poetical vindication of reason entitled Hymn to Satan. In later years, when he had won the position of leader of the realistic school of poetry in Italy, Carducci was less defiant, but he never accepted Christianity. &quot; In essential matters,&quot; he said in 1905, &quot; I know neither truce of God nor peace with the Vatican or any priests. They are the real and unaltering enemies of Italy &quot; (quoted by Prof. Carelle in his Naturalismo Italiano). He was a Senator and a Cavaliere of the Ordine Civile di Savoia, and in 1906 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for letters. His prose and poetry fill twenty volumes of a collected edition. D. Feb. 16, 1907.

CARLILE, Richard, Deist. B. Dec. 8, 1790. Ed. Ashburton village school. Carlile, who was for some years a tin-plate worker at Exeter, migrated to London, and in 1816 adopted the views of Paine. When, in 1817, the Habeas Corpus Act was sus pended, he took up the sale of the advanced literature which it was sought to suppress, and defied the Government. When the struggle began, he went on to print and publish the works of Paine and others, and he issued the Republican, the Deist, and other periodicals. His terms of imprison ment amounted in all to nine years and four months, but he continued his work from the jail, and his wife and assistants 139

courageously maintained the sale of pro hibited books. He wore out the authorities in the greatest fight ever waged for a free press and free speech. Before his death he bequeathed his body to the school of anatomy. D. Feb. 10, 1843.

CARLTON, Henry, American jurist. B. 1785. Ed. Yale University. He served in the 1814 campaign, and then adopted the profession of law. In 1832 he became District Attorney, and later a judge of the Supreme Court, in Louisiana. He resigned in 1839, and devoted his leisure to the study of religion and philosophy. His Liberty and Necessity (1857) shows him a Deist as well as Determinist. Ueberweg calls him the &quot;Anthony Collins of America.&quot; D. Mar. 28, 1863.

CARLYLE, John Aitken, M.D., brother of Thomas Caiiyle, writer. B. July 7, 1801. Ed. Annan Academy, Edinburgh University, and in Germany. Dr. Carlyle did not take up a practice, but he was for many years travelling physician to the Countess of Clare, and afterwards to the Duke of Buccleuch. In 1843 he settled at Chelsea and devoted himself to a trans lation of Dante, of which only the Inferno was completed. In 1878 he gave 1,600 to Edinburgh University to found bursaries. His brother speaks of his &quot; manly character and fine talents.&quot; D. Sep. 15, 1879.

CARLYLE, Thomas, historian. B. Dec. 4, 1795. Ed. Ecclefechan village school, Annan Academy, and Edinburgh University. His father, a working man, intended Thomas for the Church, and he nominally applied himself to divinity, com posing a number of sermons in English and Latin. The reading of Gibbon shook his faith, as he later told the poet Allingham, and he rejected the Christian doctrines and the belief in personal immor tality. He adopted teaching instead of the clerical career. In 1818 he returned to Edinburgh and, with a severe struggle, supported himself by private teaching and 140