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 CAMPBELL

CAPE

man. B. Oct. 15, 1753. A distinguished lawyer, he in 1789 embraced the principles j of the Eevolution and rendered great legal service to the new Government. He sat in the States General and the National Convention. In 1794 he was President of the Convention, and in 1796 one of the Council of Five Hundred. He was the principal author of Napoleon s Code Civil, and was created Prince, Duke of Parma, and Arch-Chancellor of the Empire. Louis XVIII banished him at the Eestoration. D. Mar. 8, 1824.

CAMPBELL, Thomas, poet. B. July 27, 1777. Ed. Glasgow Grammar School and University. Abandoning the idea of enter ing the ministry, he was for a time a tutor, and then devoted himself to letters, publish ing his first work, Pleasures ofHope,in 1799. He migrated to London, where he edited the New Monthly Magazine, and was greatly esteemed in literary circles. Campbell was deeply interested in reform, especially the reform of education, and as early as 1824 he agitated for a London University. In 1832 he founded the Polish Association. He resented &quot;superstition s rod&quot; (Hal lowed Ground), and seems to have wavered between Theism and Agnosticism. Mrs. de Morgan (Reminiscences, p. 118) shows that he rejected the doctrine of personal immortality. D. June 15, 1844.

CANESTRINI, Professor GioYanni,

Ph.D., Italian naturalist. B. Dec. 26, 1835. Ed. Goritz, Meran, and Vienna. After teaching natural history in Genoa for two years, he was in 1861 called to the University of Modena, and in 1869 to that of Padua. He was President of the Societa dei Naturalist! Modern! and of the Societa Veneto - Trentino di Scienze Natural!. Canestrini was the first and most powerful advocate of Darwinism in Italy. He translated most of Darwin s works, and many of his own works and innumerable papers defended them. He contributed to the Annuario Filosofico del Libero Pensiero.

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CANNIZZARO, Professor Stanislao,

Italian chemist. B. July 26, 1826. Ed. Palermo and Pisa. In 1848 he joined the Garibaldians and was elected to the Sicilian Parliament. In 1852 he became professor at Alexandria, in 1857 at Genoa, in 1860 at Palermo, and in 1870 at Eome. He was a Senator of the new kingdom and a Cavaliere of the Ordine Civile di Savoia ; and he had the Gran Cordone. Besides important chemical works, he wrote L Emancipazione della ragione (1865) and other Eationalist volumes. D. May 10, 1910.

CANNIZZARO, Tommaso, Italian poet. B. Aug. 17, 1837. Ed. Messina. After travelling extensively he settled in his native Messina and devoted himself to poetry. He translated Omar Khayyam and the sonnets of Camoens, and pub lished distinguished verse of his own. His volume Tramonti contains many Eationalist poems, as in the ode on the death of Victor Hugo :

Inexorable enemies of truth,

Ye priests and kings and brothers of the dark.

CANTONI, Professor Carlo, Italian philosopher. B. Nov. 20, 1840. Ed. Turin and Berlin Universities. From the study of law he passed to philosophy, which he first taught at Turin (1866-78) and then at Pavia University. He edited the Bivista Italiana di Filosofia, and wrote many philosophical works of a Kantian com plexion. He was a Senator, Eector of Pavia University, and member of the Accademia dei Lincei and the Council of Public Instruction. D. 1906.

CAPE, Emily Palmer, American writer. B. Oct. 6, 1865. Ed. Columbia College,

Barnard College, and Wisconsin University. Mrs. Cape (nee Palmer) studied sociology under Prof. Lester Ward, of whom she became an intimate friend and a highly valued assistant. She was the first woman student at Columbia College (now Univer sity). She has written several books 138