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admitted an intelligent First Cause. May 5, 1808.

D.

CAINE, William Ralph Hall, F.S.P., writer, brother of Sir Hall Caine. B. 1869. Mr. Caine began his literary career as a journalist on the Liverpool Mercury. For several years he then represented a depart ment of the Manx Legislature in London, and he edited the Court Circular, the Family Churchman, and Household Words. He was for some time manager and direc tor of Sir I. Pitman and Sons, and he was in 1915-16 President of the Societe Inter nationale de Philologie, Sciences, et Beaux Arts. His works on the Isle of Man, where he has now lived for some years, are numerous and authoritative. Mr. Caine has contributed to the B. P. A. Annual, and his views are not concealed in some of his papers on mythology and in the preface to his large and important directory of Lancashire.

CALL, Wathen Mark Wilks, M.A., poet. B. June 7, 1817. Ed. St. John s (Cambridge). He was ordained priest of the Church of England in 1844, but he seceded from the Church in 1856 and eventually became a Positivist. He trans lated Comte s Preliminary Discourse on the Positive Spirit (1883) and wrote many of the hymns used in the Positivist and Ethical services. D. Aug. 20, 1890.

CALDERON Y ARANA, Professor Laureano, D.Sc., Spanish chemist. B. 1847. Ed. Madrid University. In 1866 he became professor of chemistry at Madrid, and in 1874 professor of pharmacy at Santiago. He was deposed on account of his Eationalist opinions, but in 1888 he recovered his chair at Madrid. He con tributed to advanced journals and helped the spread of Darwinism in Spain.

CALDERON Y ARANA, Professor Salvador, Spanish naturalist, brother of Laureano. B. 1851. Ed. Madrid Uni versity. He was professor of natural

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science at Las Palmas, and was deposed by the reactionary authorities. With other persecuted professors he established the Free Teaching Institution at Madrid. For some years he went to Nicaragua, where he openly advocated Eationalism. In 1887 he obtained the chair of geology at Seville University. He contributed to the Liberal organs, and wrote about fifty works on science. Professor Calderon became one of the leading geologists of his country.

CALLAWAY, Charles, M.A., D.Sc., geologist. B. 1838. He was educated for, and entered, the Nonconformist ministry, but he seceded on doctrinal grounds and became an outspoken Agnostic (see his pamphlet, The Evolution of a Doubter* 1914). He adopted teaching as a profes sion, but he devoted himself so zealously to geology that he came to be regarded as one of the leading Pre-Cambrian geologists in England. He received the Murchison Medal. Dr. Callaway, a genial and high- principled man, warmly supported the Cheltenham Ethical Society and was an Honorary Associate of the Eationalist Press Association. D. Sep. 29, 1915.

CALYERLEY, Charles Stuart, poet. B. Dec. 22, 1831. Ed. privately, and at Marlborough, Harrow, Oxford (Balliol), and Cambridge (Christ s College). He won the Craven Scholarship, the Camden medal, and the Browne medal. For a time he lectured at Cambridge, then adopted law,, and was called to the Bar in 1865. His translations of Latin and Greek poetry are among the best in English literature, and he wrote verse in English, Latin, and Greek. In a biographical sketch, prefixed to his Complete Works (1901), his friend Sir W. J. Sendall says : &quot; To mere dog matic teaching he was always and for ever impervious.&quot; D. Feb. 17, 1884.

CAMBACERES, Prince Jean Jacques Regis de, Duke of Parma, French states- 136