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 364 A Short History of The World they are going to work at a different pace and in an entirely different. way. The United States in scale and possibility is half-way between a European state and a United States of all the world. But on the way to this present greatness and security the American, people passed through one phase of dire conflict. The river steam- boats, the railways, the telegraph, and their associate facilities, did not come soon enough to avert a deepening conflict of interests and ideas between the southern and northern states of the Union. The former were slave-holding states ; the latter, states in which all men were free. The railways and steamboats at first did but bring into- sharper conflict an already established difference between the two- sections of the United States. The increasing unification due to the new means of transport made the question whether the southern spirit or the northern should prevail an ever nfiore urgent one. There was little possibility of compromise. The northern spirit was free and individualistic ; the southern made for great estates and a con- scious gentility ruling over a dusky subject multitude. Every new territory that was organized into a state as the tide of population swept westward, every new incorporation into the fast growing American system, became a field of conflict between the two ideas, whether it should become a state of free citizens, or whether the estate and slavery system should prevail. From 1833 an American anti-slavery society was not merely resisting the extension of the institution but agitating the whole country for its complete abolition. The issue flamed up into open conflict over the admission of Texas to the Union. Texas had originally been a part of the republic of Mexico, but it was largely colonized by Americans from the slave- holding states, and it seceded from Mexico, established its indepen- dence in 1835, and was annexed to the United States in 1844. Under the Mexican law slavery had been forbidden in Texas, but now the south claimed Texas for slavery. And got it. Meanwhile the development of ocean navigation was bringing a growing swarm of immigrants from Europe to swell the spreading population of the northern states, and the raising of Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Oregon, all northern farm lands, to state level, gave the anti-slavery north the possibility of predominance both in the Senate and the House of Representatives. The cotton-growing south, irritated by the growing threat of the Abolitionist movement, and fearing this predominance in Congress, began to talk of secession from the Union. Southerners began to dream of annexations to the