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 Muhammad and Islam 241 Muhammad, with his shifty character, was the mind and imagina- tion of primitive Islam, Abu Bekr was its conscience and its will. Whenever Muhammad wavered Abu Bekr sustained him. And when Muhammad died, Abu Bekr became Caliph ( = successor), and with the faith that moves mountains, he set himself simply and sanely to organize the subjugation of the whole world to Allah — with little armies of 3,000 or 4,000 Arabs^ — according to those letters the pro- phet had written from Medina in 628 to all the monarchs of the world.