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 T76 A Short History of The World and in this literattire of hope and courage. To a large extent they were still the traders and bankers of the world. The Semitic world had been submerged rather than replaced. Jerusalem, which has always been rather the symbol than the centre of Judaism, was taken by the Romans in 65 B.C. ; and after various vicissitudes of quasi-independence and revolt was besieged by them in a.d. 70 and captured after a stubborn struggle. The temple was destroyed. A later rebellion in a.d. 132 completed its destruction, and the Jerusalem we know to-day was rebuilt later under Roman auspices. A temple to the Roman god, Jupiter Capitolinus, stood in the place of the Temple, and Jews were for- bidden to inhabit the city.