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 product of two absolutely convergent series converges to the product of the sums of the two series was shown half a century later by F. Mertens of Graz to be still true if, of the two convergent series to be multiplied together, only one is absolutely convergent.

The most outspoken critic of the old methods in series was Abel. His letter to his friend Holmboe (1826) contains severe criticisms. It is very interesting reading, even to modern students. In his demonstration of the binomial theorem he established the theorem that if two series and their product series are all convergent, then the product series will converge towards the product of the sums of the two given series. This remarkable result would dispose of the whole problem of multiplication of series if we had a universal practical criterion of convergency for semi-convergent series. Since we do not possess such a criterion, theorems have been recently established by A. Pringsheim of Munich and A. Voss of Würzburg which remove in certain cases the necessity of applying tests of convergency to the product series by the application of tests to easier related expressions. Pringsheim reaches the following interesting conclusions: The product of two semi-convergent series can never converge absolutely, but a semi-convergent series, or even a divergent series, multiplied by an absolutely convergent series, may yield an absolutely convergent product.

The researches of Abel and Cauchy caused a considerable stir. We are told that after a scientific meeting in which Cauchy had presented his first researches on series, Laplace hastened home and remained there in seclusion until he had examined the series in his Mécanique Céleste. Luckily, every one was found to be convergent! We must not conclude, however, that the new ideas at once displaced the old. On the contrary, the new views were generally accepted only after a