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. During such sweeping turmoil, it is not surprising that science declined. Indeed, it is a marvel that it existed at all. During the supremacy of Hulagu, lived Nasir Eddin (1201-1274), a man of broad culture and an able astronomer. He persuaded Hulagu to build him and his associates a large observatory at Maraga. Treatises on algebra, geometry, arithmetic, and a translation of Euclid's Elements, were prepared by him. Even at the court of Tamerlane in Samarkand, the sciences were by no means neglected. A group of astronomers was drawn to this court. Ulug Beg (1393-1449), a grandson of Tamerlane, was himself an astronomer. Most prominent at this time was Al Kaschi, the author of an arithmetic. Thus, during intervals of peace, science continued to be cultivated in the East for several centuries. The last Oriental writer was Beha Eddin (1547-1622). His Essence of Arithmetic stands on about the same level as the work of Mohammed ben Musa Hovarezmi, written nearly 800 years before.

"Wonderful is the expansive power of Oriental peoples, with which upon the wings of the wind they conquer half the world, but more wonderful the energy with which, in less than two generations, they raise themselves from the lowest stages of cultivation to scientific efforts." During all these centuries, astronomy and mathematics in the Orient greatly excel these sciences in the Occident.

Thus far we have spoken only of the Arabs in the East. Between the Arabs of the East and of the West, which were under separate governments, there generally existed considerable political animosity. In consequence of this, and of the enormous distance between the two great centres of learning, BagdadBaghdad [sic] and Cordova, there was less scientific intercourse among them than might be expected to exist between peoples having the same religion and written language. Thus the