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422 1895. Of these, Scartazzini is the scholar and Dantophilist, Symonds and Butler are the efficient critics from the modern point of view, and Miss Rossetti a nd Dean Church represent Dante's own position. Moore's Studies in Dante, now in course of publication, and Wicksteed's Sermons on Dante, have a wider scope than that of an introductory manual. The point of Dante's influence on posterity has been investigated by Oelsner, Influence of Dante on Modern Thought, 1895; and his relation to his own countrymen is discussed in the third volume of Dean Plumptre's translation of the Divine Comedy. He is treated from the neo-catholic point of view by Ozanam, Dante et la Philosophie catholique, 1845.

The best editions of Dante's lyrical poems, including the very many falsely attributed to him, and of his Vita Nuova and other prose works, are those by Fraticelli. The best English translation of the Vita Nuova is Rossetti's; but other translators (Martin, 1862; Norton, 1893; Boswell, 1895; and the Austrian translator Federn, 1897) have done much more for the illustration of the text. A beautiful work on Dante, sein Leben und sein Werk, sein Verhältniss zur Kunst und zur Politik, by Franz Xaver Kraus, has just been published in Berlin.

No authority for Petrarch's life is equal to his own letters, published complete in the edition of Fracassetti, 1859–63. An English translation has been announced. There are recent biographies corresponding to the requirements of modern research by Geiger, 1874, and in the first volume of Koerting's Geschichte der Litteratur Italiens, 1878. Petrarch's position and resources as a scholar have been thoroughly investigated by Pierre de Nolhac, Pétrarque et l'Humanisme, 1892. The best commentary is Leopardi's, always printed with the current Florentine edition of the Canzoniere. The most critical edition is Mestica's, 1896. The best literary criticism is Zumbini's Studi sul Petrarca, 1895.

Koerting's life of Boccaccio in the second volume of his Geschichte is the best; and the English reader may consult Symonds, Giovanni Boccaccio, 1895.