Page:A History of Indian Philosophy Vol 1.djvu/86

 70 Observations on Systems of Indian Philosophy [CH. The Vedanta siUras, also called Uttara Mlmarpsa, written by BadarayaI)a, otherwise known as the Brahma-siUras, form the original authoritative work of Vedanta. The word Vedanta means "end of the Veda," i.e. the U paniads, and the Vedanta szttras are so called as they are but a summarized statement of the general views of the U paniads. This work is divided into four books or adhyayas and each adhyaya is divided into four padas or chapters. The first four sutras of the work commonly known as Catu!zsutri are (I) How to ask about Brahman, (2) From whom proceed birth and decay, (3) This is because from him the Vedas have come forth, (4) This is shown by the harmonious testimony of the Upaniads. The whole of the first chapter of the second book is devoted to justifying the position of the Vedanta against the attacks of the rival schools. The second chapter of the second book is busy in dealing blows at rival systems. All the other parts of the book are devoted to settling the disputed interpretations of a number of in- dividual U paniad texts. The really philosophical portion of the work is thus limited to the first four sutras and the first and second chapters of the second book. The other portions are like com- mentaries to the U paniads, which however contain many theo- logical views of the system. The first commentary of the Brahma- szUra was probably written by Baudhayana, which however is not available now. The earliest commentary that is now found is that of the great Sankara. His interpretations of the Brahma-szttras together with all the commentaries and other works that follow his views are popularly known as Vedanta philosophy, though this philosophy ought more properly to be called Visuddhadvaita- vada school of Vedanta philosophy (i.e. the Vedanta philosophy of the school of absolute monism). Variant forms of dualistic philosophy as represented by the VaiI)avas, Saivas, Ramayatas, etc., also claim to express the original purport of the Brahma sutras. We thus find that apostles of dualistic creeds such as Ramanuja, Vallabha, Madhva, SrlkaI)tha, Baladeva, etc., have written independent commentaries on the Brah11la-siUra to show that the philosophy as elaborated by themselves is the view of the U paniads and as summarized in the Brahma-sutras. These differed largely and often vehemently attacked Sankara's inter- pretations of the same sutras. These systems as expounded by them also pass by the name of Vedanta as these are also claimed to be the real interpretations intended by the Vedanta (U paniads)