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 IV] Growth of the PhilosoPhic Literature 65 Growth of the Philosophic Literature. I t is difficult to say how the systems were originally formulated, and what were the influences that led to it. We know that a spirit of philosophic enquiry had already begun in the days of the earliest Upaniads. The spirit of that enquiry was that the final essence or truth was the atman, that a search after it was OUf highest duty, and that until we are ultimately merged in it we can only feel this truth and remain uncontented with everything else and say that it is not the truth we want, it is not the truth we want (neti neti). Philosophical enquires were however continuing in circles other than those of the U paniads. Thus the Buddha who closely followed the early U paniad period, spoke of and enu- merated sixty-two kinds of heresiest, and these can hardly be traced in the V paniads. The J aina activities were also probably going on contemporaneously but in the V paniads no reference to these can be found. We may thus reasonably suppose that there were different forms of philosophic enquiry in spheres other than those of the U paniad sages, of which we have but scanty records. It seems probable that the Hindu systems of thought originated among the sages who though attached chiefly to the U paniad circles used to take note of the discussions and views of the antago- nistic and heretical philosophic circles. In the assemblies of these sages and their pupils, the views of the heretical circles were prob- ably discussed and refuted. So it continued probably for some time when some illustrious member of the assembly such as Gautama or KaI)ada collected the purport of these discussions on various topics and problems, filled up many of the missing links, classified and arranged these in the form of a system of philosophy and recorded it in siitras. These siitras were intended probably for people who had attended the elaborate oral discussions and thus could easily follow the meaning of the suggestive phrases con- tained in the aphorisms. The siitras thus contain sometimes allusions to the views of the rival schools and indicate the way in which they could be refuted. The commentators were possessed of the general drift of the different discussions alluded to and conveyed from generation to generation through an unbroken chain of succession of teachers and pupils. They were however free to supplement these traditionary explanations with their own 1 Brahmajiila-sutla, Digha, I. p. I'Z ff.