Page:A History of Indian Philosophy Vol 1.djvu/293

 VIII] The Science o.f Nyiiya 277 from the root 1zi is sometimes explained as that by which sentences and words could be interpreted as having one particular meaning and not another, and on the strength of this even Vedic accents of words (which indicate the meaning of compound words by pointing out the particular kind of compound in which the words entered into combination) were called Nyaya l. Prof] acobi on the strength of Kau!ilya's enumeration of the vidyii (sciences) as Anvlkikl (the science of testing the perceptual and scriptural knowledge by further scrutiny), trayi (the three Vedas), viirttii (the sciences of agriculture, cattle keeping etc.), and daujaniti (polity), and the enumeration of the philosophies as Sarpkhya, Yoga, Lokayata and Anvlkikl, supposes that the Nyiiya sidra was not in existence in Kautilya's time 300 B.C.)2. Kautilya's reference to Nyaya as Anvlkikl only suggests that the word Nyaya was not a familiar name for Anvlkikl in Kau!ilya's time. He seems to misunderstand Vatsyayana in thinking that Vatsyayana distinguishes Nyaya from the Anvlkikl in holding that while the latter only means the science of logic the former means logic as well as metaphysics. What appears from Vatsyayana's statement in Nj'liya SlUra I. i. [ is this that he points out that the science which was known in his time as Nyaya was the same as was referred to as Anlkikl by Kau!ilya. He distinctly identifies N yayavidya with Anvlkikl, but justifies the separate enumeration of certain logical categories such as Sa1!lsaya (doubt) etc., though these were already contained within the first two terms pra1Jlii1}a (means of cognition) and prameya (objects of cognition), by holding that unless these its special and separate branches (p'rthakprasthtilla) were treated, Nyayavidya would simply become metaphysics (lldh)'iitmavidYli) like the U paniads. The old meaning of N yaya as the means of de- termining the right meaning or the right thing is also agreed upon by Vatsyayana and is sanctioned by Vacaspati in his Nyiiyaviirt- tikatiitparyatikii I. i. I). He compares the meaning of the word N yaya (pramiizairarthaparika!1ll1ll-to scrutinize an object by means of logical proof) with the etymological meaning of the word anvlkikl(to scrutinize anything after it has been known by percep- tion and scriptures). Vatsyayana of course points out that so far as this logical side of N yaya is concerned it has the widest scope for 1 Kalidasa's KUlIliirasalllbhava "Ud.i{hiito prazav(l yiisiilll nyiiyaistribhirlidirala1ll," also Malliniitha's gloss on it. 2 Prof. Jacobi's "The early history of India1z Philosophy," hldia11 A1Ztiquary, 1918.