Page:A History of Indian Philosophy Vol 1.djvu/290

 CHAPTER VIII THE NYAY A-V AISE$IKA PHILOSOPHY Criticism of Buddhism and Satpkhya from the Nyaya standpoint. THE Buddhists had upset all common sense convictions of substance and attribute, cause and effect, and permanence of things, on the ground that all collocations are momentary; each_ group of collocations exhausts itself in giving rise to another group and that to another and so on. But if a col- location representing milk generates the collocation of curd it is said to be due to a joint action of the elements forming the cause-collocation and the modus operalldi is unintelligible; the elements composing the cause-collocation cannot separately generate the elements composing the effect-collocation, for on such a supposition it becomes hard to maintain the doctrine of momentariness as the individual and separate exercise of in- fluence on the part of the cause-elements and their coordination and manifestation as effect cannot but take more than one moment. The supposition that the whole of the effect-collocation is the result of the joint action of the elements of cause-collocation is against our universal uncontradicted experience that specific elements constituting the cause (e.g. the whiteness of milk) are the cause of other corresponding elements of the effect (e.g. the whiteness of the curd); and we could not say that the hardness, blackness, and other properties of the atoms of iron in a lump state should not be regarded as the cause of similar qualities in the iron ball, for this is against the testimony of experience. Moeover there would be no difference between material (upiidana, e.g. clay of the jug), instrumental and concomitant causes (nimitta and salzakari, such as the potter, and the wheel, the stick etc. in forming the jug), for the causes jointly produce the effect, and there was no room for distinguishing the material and the instru- mental causes, as such. Again at the very moment in which a cause-collocation is brought into being, it cannot exert its influence to produce its