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 VII] Kitiib Patanjal 233 which Professor Woods has adduced to assign the date of the Yoga siUra between 300 and 500 A.D. are not at all conclusive, as they stand on a weak basis; for firstly if the two Patanjalis cannot be identified, it does not follow that the editor of the Yoga should necessarily be made later; secondly, the supposed BuddhisP reference is found in the fourth chapter which, as I have shown above, is a later interpolation; thirdly, even if they were written by Patanjali it cannot be inferred that because Vacaspati describes the opposite school as being of the Vijfiana- vadi type, we are to infer that the sutras refer to Vasubandhu or even to Nagarjuna, for such ideas as have been refuted in the sutras had been developing long before the time of N agarjuna. Thus we see that though the tradition of later commentators may not be accepted as a sufficient ground to identify the two Patanjalis, we cannot discover anything from a comparative critical study of the Yoga sittras and the text of the Malzii- bhtiJ'a, which can lead us to say that the writer of the Yoga szttras flourished at a later date than the other Patanjali. Postponing our views about the time of Patai'ijali the Yoga editor, I regret I have to increase the confusion by introducing the other work Kitiib Patalljal, of which Alberuni speaks, for our consideration. Alberuni considers this work as a very famous one and he translates it along with another book called Sanka (Sarpkhya) ascribed to Kapila. This book was written in the form of dialogue between master and pupil, and it is certain that this book was not the present Yoga szUra of Patanjali, though it had the same aim as the latter, namely the search for liberation and for the union of the soul with the object of its meditation. The book was called by Alberuni Kitab Piitmzjal, which is to be translated as the book of Patanjala, because in another place, speaking of its author, he puts in a Persian phrase which when translated stands as "the author of the book of Patanjal." It had also an elaborate commentary from which Alberuni quotes many extracts, though he does not tell us the author's name. It treats of God, soul, bondage, karma, salvation, etc., as we find in the Yoga siUra, but the manner in which these are described (so 1 It is important to notice that the most important Buddhist reference nacaika- .cittatmltram vastu tadapramd1Jakam tadii kim syiit (IV. 16) was probably a line of the Vyiisabhii!ya, as Bhoja, who had consulted many commentaries as he says in the preface, does not count it as a slltra.