Page:A History of Indian Philosophy Vol 1.djvu/242

 226 The Kapila and the Piitafijala SiiJ!zkhya [CH. from aharpkara the tanmatras 1. Vijfiana Bhik.!?u however holds that both the separation of aharpkara and the evolution ofthetanmatras take place in the mahat, and as this appeared to me to be more reasonable, I have followed this interpretation. There are some other minor points of difference about the Yoga doctrines between Vacaspati and Bhik.!?u which are not of much philosophical importance. Yoga and Patanjali. The word yoga occurs in the Rg- Veda in various senses such as yoking or harnessing, achieving the unachieved, connection, and the like. The sense of yoking is not so frequent as the other senses; but it is nevertheless true that the word was used in this sense in Rg- Veda and in such later Vedic works as the Satapatha Brahmat!a and the Brhadarat!yaka U paniad 2. The word has another derivative" yugya" in later Sanskrit literatures. vVith the growth of religious and philosophical ideas in the Rg- Veda, we find that the religious austerities were generally very much valued. Tapas (asceticism) and brahmacarya (the holy vow of celibacy and life-long study) were regarded as greatest virtues and considered as being productive of the highest power 4. As these ideas of asceticism and self-control grew the force of the flying passions was felt to be as uncontrollable as that of a spirited steed, and thus the word yoga which was originally applied to the control of steeds began to be applied to the control of the senses ri. In Pal!ini's time the word yog-a had attained its technical meaning, and he distinguished this root "yuj samiidhau" (yu..j in the sense of concentration) from "Ylljir yoge" (root yujir in the sense of connecting). Ylj in the first sense is seldom used as a verb. It is more or less an imaginary root for the etymological derivation of the word yoga 6. J See my Study of Patmljali, p. 60 ft. 2 Compare R.V. I. 34. 9/vlI. 67. 8/111. 27. II/X. 30. II/X. 114' 9/ IV. 24. 4/ 1 . 5. 3/1. 30. 7; Satapatha Briihmal)a 14, 7. I. I I . 3 It is probably an old word of the Aryan stock; compare German J och, A.S. geoc, Latin jugum. 4 See Chiindogya 111.17. 4; B!'h. I. 2.6; Brh. 111.8.10; Taitt. I. 9.1/111.2.1/111. 3. [ ; Taitt. Brih. II. 2. 3, .; R.V. X. 129; Satap_ Brah. XI. 5.8. I. 6 Kapm III. 4, indriyiili haylilliihu!z viay,Ueugocani1Z. The senses are the horses and whatever they grasp are their objects. Maitr. 2. 6. fi..arlllC1ldriyti?1yasya hayii!:z the conative senses are its horses. 6 VZ::)'ll!z is lIsed from thc root of J'ljir yoge and not from yuja samiidhau. A con- sideration of Piil).ini's rule "Tadas)'a brllhlllllalryalll," v. i. 94 shows that not only