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 4 A HISTORY OF HINDI LITERATURE Dingal, and in this connection is distinguished from Pingal, the name given in Rajputana to the Braj Bhasha dialect of Western Hindi, which was also used in this area as a literary dialect. Wester?i Hindi has as its principal dialects, Bangaru, to the west of the Ganges in the highlands of the South-Eastern Panjab ; Braj Bhasha, the language spoken in Muttra and the surrounding district, which is the chief dialect of Western Hindi for poetry ; Kanauji (very similar to Braj Bhasha), which is spoken in the lower part of the central Doab and the country to the north ; BundelT, in Bundelkhand and a good portion of the Narbada valley in the Central Provinces ; and another dialect spoken in the neighbourhood of Delhi and Meerut. Delhi being for a long time the headquarters of the Muhammadan conquerors of North India, it was from the dialect of this district that the lingua franca of the Mughal camp originated. A great many words of Persian and Arabic origin were introduced into this dialect as well as those of PanjabI and Rajasthani, and the Persian character was used for writing it. The word "Urdu" literally means Camp." Urdu was the camp language. Muham- madan influence extended its use far and wide, and it eventually became a literary language. Modern High Hindi" was developed from Urdu by the exclusion of Persian and Arabic words and the substitution of those of pure Indian origin, Sanskrit or Hindi. The name Khari Boli {i.e. "pure speech") is sometimes used by Indian scholars both for the original dialect of Delhi and Meerut, and for the modern High Hindi developed by Lallii Ji Lai ; but they are not identical, as will be shown later in a subsequent chapter when the circumstances of the formation of modern literary Hindi are related. The dialects of Easter?i Hi?idi, from North to South are Avadhi, Bagheli, and Chhattisgarhl. Of these the chief literary dialect is Avadhi, spoken in the country of Ayodhya (Oudh). Avadhi is also known as Baiswari.