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 protract their harvest. They could not be expected to know any limits but those of human gullibility and endurance. * * * The history of civilization affords no evidence of any device so simple and so efficient in reducing a country to vassalage as these principles of banking."

"The practice pursued by the banks in advancing $60 a bale on cotton or $40 on the present and $20 on the coming crop is the principal cause of the great depreciation of our bank paper. Every dollar beyond the real price of the cotton was surplus and may be fairly adopted as the standard to measure the loss sustained by the country in the depreciation of the circulating medium. The banks made their discounts and the speculators who borrowed from them were enabled to change their creditors and protract the payment of their debts by the operation; but as soon as the paper passed into the hands of the community it depreciated, being inconvertible; the $60 would not pay for more pork or other necessary articles of consumption than the real value of the cotton would have purchased. The surplus circulation, therefore, was a total loss to the community. * * * No State in the Union was more deeply injured by an extended currency than Mississippi." The depreciation doubles the cost of production without increasing the value of the cotton which must be exported. The ten directors of the bank have borrowed from it nearly $600,000; six of them have mutually endorsed for each other, so that the total liabilities as endorsers are over $2,600,000.

In November, a convention of the banks of Mississippi was held to agree upon a time for resumption; but they adjourned without agreeing.

The Commissioners to sell the Union Bank bonds, in 1838, were ordered in their commission not to sell them for less than par in current money of the United States. A select committee of the Legislature which reported on them in 1842 said that these Commissioners proposed to Biddle to make the bonds payable in London at four shillings and sixpence, although they also say that Biddle made this an indispensable condition. He agreed to pay $5 millions, lawful money of the United States, in five equal installments of $1 million each; the first four payments to be made in New Orleans and the last payment in Natchez, in July, 1839. It was agreed that the bonds should bear interest from their date, but Biddle was not to pay the accrued interest. His contract was guaranteed by the United States Bank, whose charter did not specify, amongst the things which it might do, the purchase of State stocks. The Committee of 1842 maintain that par means face and accrued interest. Biddle actually paid $5 millions; $1 million in specie; $150,000 in notes of the Merchants' Bank of New Orleans; and the rest in exchange on New Orleans, on which the bank realized a premium.

In his message at the opening of the Legislature, January, 1839, Governor McNutt complained of the behavior of the Planters' Bank and the Union Bank, which had refused to allow themselves to be examined by the Bank Commissioners, on the ground that the latter were not judicial officers; also because the Union Bank had issued depreciated post-notes whereby the borrowers had been forced to pay at the rate of twenty-two per cent. per annum.