Page:A History of Banking in the United States.djvu/336

 claiming to be a true bank. One was president, another cashier, etc. They had $20,000 in notes and $800 in silver, and explained that it was cheaper to get their notes printed in New York. They were discharged because they had violated no law.

was one of the States in which an extra session of the Legislature was called as soon as the suspension of specie payments took place. A stay law was adopted June 22, 1837, providing for a stay unless bank notes were received in payment. By an act of April 2, 1838, it was extended until April 1, 1839, and later there were further extensions until February 1, 1841. June 24, 1837, an act was passed for the relief of the banks, suspending all the penalties of non-redemption.

A characteristic of the Virginia legislation was, that the laws for the relief of debtors and of the banks were repeatedly extended for short periods, as if they were enacted reluctantly and with a hope that the necessity for them would soon pass away.

The relief act was continued by an act of February 20th following, and later in the session still further extended until the end of the session; and the act to increase the capitals of the three old banks was suspended until April 1, 1839. April 2, 1838, the penalties on suspension were further suspended and the banks were allowed to issue one's and two's to the amount of four per cent. on their capital until April 1, 1839. These small notes, however, must be redeemed under a penalty of twenty-five per cent. damages. On the following day, severe penalties were imposed on savings banks, firms, and individuals for issuing notes under $5, all of which must be withdrawn.

The State subscribed to 4,500 shares of the Exchange Bank, March 19, 1839, by ordering the Treasurer to borrow the required amount on certificates of indebtedness having twenty years to run. Another loan was also to be contracted to pay the subscription to the Northwestern Bank. April 4, 1839, the Kenawha Bank was chartered. On the same day the banks were further relieved from forfeitures and penalties for suspension, and time was given to the Farmers' Bank, the Valley Bank, and the Bank of Virginia to accept the acts increasing their capital, and this act. All the old stipulations are rehearsed as if nothing had been learned in two years. April 10th, the limitations on the debts of banks to twice their capital were suspended until January 1, 1840.

At the next session, December 11th, all the penalties of suspension were further postponed until March 1st, but as a condition the power was reserved to the State to modify existing charters. Other acts followed during the winter, so that at last the penalties and the prohibition of small notes stood postponed until April 1, 1841.

.—When a State borrows capital and lends it to a bank, the taxpayers incur the risks and obligations