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 from New York. On the following day some of the drafts on Hottinguer came back protested. Jaudon had induced Rothschild to take them up for the credit of the Bank, ample security, as was then supposed, by State and other stocks being given.

These proceedings were ruinous to the credit of the Bank. The Committee of 1841 say that on account of "the general derangement of affairs, the suspension of specie payments, and the discredit consequently thrown upon American securities, and more particularly from the course of the Bank's dealing in foreign exchange, by drawing bills to a large amount without having previously provided the funds for their payment, and thus subjecting their agent in London to the necessity of obtaining money in haste, in order to maintain the credit of the Bank, it was no longer found possible to command funds there upon the same favorable terms as before. And accordingly upon Mr. Jaudon's subsequent negotiations for loans, to the amount altogether of $12,212,697.46, there is chargeable to losses the sum of $1,149,907.04, being for discount, commissions to foreign bankers, and other charges; not including Mr. Jaudon's own commissions, and the expenses of the agency in London."

The stock of the Bank fell to 93 3-4; its notes were at eleven per cent. discount at New York. As soon as the disturbance produced by the Bank was withdrawn, things improved there, foreign exchange being at par. The facts in regard to the proceedings of the Bank of the United States, at this juncture, if told by an enemy, might seem colored by malice, but they are stated by Cowperthwaite in a letter to Biddle, March 23, 1841. He says that a new crisis was anticipated in the fall of 1839, and "it was deemed best to make it fall first upon the New York banks." In fact, the great Bank had been vindictive ever since the resumption of 1838. Its leadership had been set aside. The New York banks had proceeded without it and usurped its functions. In 1839 it found itself sinking and it was driven to the most desperate measures inspired by malice and rancor. The United States Bank and debtor interest caused a meeting to be held at New York as late as October 23d, in order to try to organize a run on the banks.

At this time the following very strong criticism and review of the proceedings of the Bank during the preceding eighteen months appeared in a New York paper:

"The suspension of 1837 found it [Bank of the United States], as it was generally understood, greatly extended in every direction, with many millions due from the South and the West and from the insolvent interests here and elsewhere, with many other millions invested in various internal improvements, and with the bonds for the sale of the branches of the old Bank for the most part uncollected, constituting altogether a large portion of its capital rendered wholly unavailable. Hence, as was believed, the