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 likewise, for $5 notes. The New York "Journal of Commerce," of the 23d, said that the resumption was complete. This action of the New York banks set a standard and an example. It became an object of ambition at once for all banks which desired a good reputation to endeavor to follow this example. In May it was said: "Without naming any particular day, it is probable that all the sound banks east of New Jersey will, at an early day, one by one, slide into resumption. No symptoms of resuming have yet appeared in Jersey or Pennsylvania, or any State south or west of her, if we except the arrangement made by the Philadelphia banks on the evening of the 7th instant, of paying out in specie the fractions of a dollar, and the law of Michigan which requires resumption on the 16th of June." May 31st, Biddle wrote another letter to Adams, saying that, since Congress had repealed the Specie Circular, he saw his way to resume and would do so. He would co-operate with the government. The leadership, however, had passed away from him, and he had to find a plausible pretext for following in a course which he had striven in vain to prevent. The associated banks of Philadelphia resolved that inasmuch as the Specie Circular had been rescinded, they would appoint a committee to confer with the banks of other States about preparations for resumption.

Governor Ritner, however, now took control of the matter. He published a proclamation, July 10th, requiring the banks to resume, and to pay and withdraw all notes under $5 on and after August 13th. July 23d, a convention was held at Philadelphia, at which the banks of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia agreed to resume August 13th. Those of New England, Kentucky, and Missouri assented to this action. August 15th, the Governor of New Jersey commanded all the banks of that State to resume within fifteen days. The Ohio banks resumed during the summer. Those of New Orleans resolved to resume January 1st, if the United States Bank would provide a currency until a national bank should be established. All the Charleston banks except the Bank of the State agreed to resume September 1st. In October, the banks of Alabama held a convention but could not agree on a date, and adjourned without action. In general the banks of the southwest made no attempt to liquidate and resume at this time, but were following a policy of inflation. So far as any intelligent action can be traced in their proceedings, they seemed to believe that the price of cotton would rise again, pay all the debts, and bring back prosperity. The Bank Commissioners of Mississippi reported to the Legislature their opinion that the banks of that State could not resume before August, 1839. The Secretary of the Treasury, in his annual report, said: "It is believed that about seven hundred banks and branches, situated in twenty-two States and Territories, have already resumed specie payments. These, including not far from thirty which never suspended, make seven hundred and thirty