Page:A History of Banking in the United States.djvu/270

 At the session of the Council in 1836 the St, [sic] Joseph's Banking Company, the Florida Insurance and Banking Company at Pensacola, and the St. Joseph's Insurance Company (without banking privileges), were incorporated.

These proceedings of the Territory had attracted the attention of Congress. Webster made a report from the Committee on Finance strongly condemning the plan of most of these institutions. The result was the act of July 1, 1836, by which it was enacted that no law of a Territory incorporating a bank should be of force until approved by Congress, and all the acts of Florida of 1836, which created banks, were disallowed. On this the Committee whom we have been quoting say: "This course on the part of Congress is not such as the people of this Territory had a right to expect, relying as they have, upon the liberality and intelligence of those bodies."

Few will think that the power of the federal government to disallow the acts of a Territory had been exercised any too soon. In 1838, it was reported that the old Bank of West Florida had been re-organized.

One-fifteenth of the shares of the Union Bank were held by one man, one-sixth by three men, one-third by eleven men, one-half by twenty-five men, and five-sixths, or nearly the whole by eighty men; who in addition to the loans upon their mortgages were supposed to be otherwise indebted to the institution. Evidently a clique got the whole enterprise into their hands, substituted the stock for the bonds, sold them, divided the proceeds as loans on the mortgages of their plantations. Then the worse the bank became, the cheaper they could buy its notes with which to pay the loans; or, the more desperate the confusion and bankruptcy, the greater the chance of evading payment altogether. If interest was paid, the loans had twenty or thirty years to run, and the mortgaged property was barred against other creditors. If the lands were mortgaged for all they were worth, the insiders endorsed for each other and borrowed more. There were, therefore, several lines of exploitation on which they could operate.

entered on her great experiment in banking February 10, 1830, with the charter of the Planters' Bank. The preamble states the purpose to be to give an impulse to labor, by an increase of the circulating medium; to relieve taxation by creating a revenue for the people; and to "enable them to realize the blessings of a correct system of internal improvements." This bank was established at Natchez; $3 millions capital, of which $2 millions by the State; until 1855; subscriptions to be in specie and notes of the Bank of the State; the Auditor to pay the State subscriptions, with five per cent. bonds, redeemable in four sections, in ten, fifteen, twenty, and twenty-five years, drawn to the bank and assignable by it; the bank to sell the bonds and provide for the interest; surplus of dividends over the interest of the bonds to be a sinking fund to redeem the bonds; if the interest was greater than the dividends, the bank was to pay it; the Governor and Senate were