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 millions. The assets consisted very largely of unavailable loans, so that with a discount line of six or seven millions, scarcely two hundred thousand dollars was in active business paper.

In 1836 Dr. Dyott of Philadelphia established what he called a Manual Labor Bank. "His motive for this is to give to the meritorious workingman the full legal interest which he ought always to obtain for his savings." The doctor filed a mortgage for $500,000 on his own real estate, as security for his notes, which were for five cents and above. He also issued post-notes for sums from $1 to $20. He owned glass-works and houses, and had a store containing various commodities. He seems to have been another case of a man who committed crime under the influence of a mixed philanthropic and financial delusion. He was 70 years old and was sent to the penitentiary for three years, but was pardoned by the Governor.

.—The charter of the Bank of Virginia, having been extended January 24, 1814, until 1833, was further extended, February 17, 1830, for nine years and one month. As will be seen in the other renewals which follow, the plan was adopted of making all the charters expire June 1, 1842; that then all the banks might be put under a general law. A bonus of $51,306 was demanded for the State, to be obtained by reserving from the dividends of the private stockholders 30 cents per share. The State deposits were to be put in this bank. Its notes were to be receivable by the State while it paid specie; but this provision might be revoked. The charter of the Bank of the Valley was extended, February 18, 1830, for eight years and one month, to bring it to June 1, 1842; bonus, $10,000, which was not to be taken from the State stock. March 4, 1831, the charter of the Northwestern Bank was extended to the same date, with an increase of capital of $300,000; bonus, $5,000.

At this time the State of Virginia was out of debt and its finances in good order. In 1833, a reduction of taxation was proposed, but, instead, the State took up the policy of internal improvements. In 1832 the James River and Kenawha Company was incorporated; also several railroad companies. "The State took stock in most of these companies, and appropriations were made in aid of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, besides many other minor works. In the course of a few years large sums of money had to be raised by the State." One party insisted that the improvements, as they were made, would provide the interest and when finished would pay that and sink the principal too; another party insisted that taxes should be laid for the interest, lest the State credit should suffer. Within ten years a debt of $7,650,000 was contracted, of which the banks had taken $770,000; $1.4 millions belonging to the State and State institutions had also been absorbed; $2.3 millions were held abroad. The works in which the State held stock produced scarcely any revenue. The effects of this policy appear