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Rh Bk. VI. Ch. IV. AFFINITIES OF STYLE. 203 Of Tudor architecture there is no trace in Scotland ; neither the four-centred low arch nor fan-vaulting are to be found there, nor that peculiar class of perpendicular tracery which distinguished the 16th and 17th centuries in the South, At that period the Scotch still adhered to their flamboyant style, and such attempts as they did make at perpendicular work were so clumsy and uuconstructive that it is little wonder that, like the French, they soon abandoned it. ' In so poor and thinly-populated a country as Scotland was in the 11th century, it would be in vain to look for any of the great ecclesi- astical establishments that are found in the South. The churches seem at this age to have been cells or small chapels, such as that at 633. Window, Leuchars. (From a drawing by K. W. Billings.i) Leuchars or Dalmeny, closely resembling St. Clement's church at Trondhjem, and a little lai-ger than the contemporary edifices so fre- quently found in Ireland. Leuchars is perhaps the most characteristic and beautiful specimen of its class, of which, like the contemporary chapel at Cashel, which it much resembles, it may be considered as a type. Its details are not only rich, but, as may be seen from the woodcut, bold and elegant at the same time. Both internally and externally the ornament is 1 The illustrations in this chapter beina: taken from the l)eautiful work by R. W. Billings, entitled " The Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scot- land," the source of each will be speci- fied, except Mlien it forms an exception to this rule. Mr. Billinsrs' work is cer- tainly the most correct and beautiful that has yet appeared on the subject, and if completed with the necessary plans and architectural details, would l)e unrivalled as a monograph of an architectural province.