Page:A Grammar of the Urdū Or Hindūstānī Language in Its Romanized Character.djvu/56

 Reciprocal Pronouns.

58. There are no Reciprocal Pronouns in Urdū. The idea of reciprocity is expressed by the two words ek  'one,' and dūsrā ' another,' as We ek dūsre ko piydr karte haiṅ 'They love one another.'

Possessive Pronouns.

59. For these the Genitives are used of the Personal, Relative, and other Pronouns, e.g. merā 'my,' uskā 'his,' tera  'thine,' tumhard 'yours,' etc. These are all declined like other Adjectives ending in ā, and agree in Gender and Case with the Substantives qualified. The word apnā ('own'), however, is commonly used rather as a substitute for merā, terā, and askā, and their Plurals, than as a distinct Genitive of the Reflexive Pronoun āp; and then it always refers to the principal Subject of the sentence, whether expressed or understood, as Apnā (for terā) hāth dekhā-do' show your hand,' Usne apnī betīko dekhā 'He saw his daughter.'

60. There are certain words which partake of the nature partly of Adjectives and partly of Pronouns, and which may therefore be called

Pronominal Adjectives.

Some of these are primitive and some derivative. Amongst the former are such words as ek 'one,' dusrā 'another,' 'other,' donoṅ 'both,' 'the two,' sab 'all,' fulana 'a certain one,' 'such a one,' aur 'other,' chand 'several,' ka,ī 'some,' 'several,' kai 'how many?' har 'each,' 'every,' ba'ze 'some,' air 'other' (different), etc. These are generally indeclinable (though dusrā and fulāna are exceptions) as <!-- Adjectives, but as Substantives they are declined in the Plural (except ek, donon, kaf, and kai)—e.g. dusre 'others,' aur ' others' (Gen. Plur. aurohka), and sab (Agent sabhonne, Accus. sabhohko, etc., with euphonic h introduced), etc.

61. The Derivative Pronominal Adjectives

are such words as are formed from primitives by the addition of the syllables -ttu, -tnd, and sd; the first two terminations denoting measure or quantity, the last ''similitude. Those expressive of Quality are—Una, or ittd ' this much,' ' so much,' uttd, or utna ' that much,' jitna, or jittd ' as much,' tetna, or tettd ' so much,' ketnu, or kettd ' how much.' Adjectives of kind (quality or similitude) are—aisa ' like this,' 'such,' waisa like that,' jaisa like which,' taisa ' like that,' kaisu ' ''like what ? ' ' of what kind?' CHAPTER III.—The Verr.

62. The Urdu Verb may be divided into three general Classes, viz., I. The Intransitive, II. The Transitive, and III. The Causal, or doubly-Transitive.

The first of these has but one Voice, the Active; the second and third have two each, the Active and Passive. There are three Moods in each of the three Classes (which may be said to belong all to one Conjugation), viz. the Indicative, the Imperative, and the Subjunctive or Conditional. The first and third of these comprise three leading Tenses, or Times: the Past, the Present, and the Future; but in the Indicative Mood each of these is sub-divided into minor Tenses, viz.: The Past into (1) the Past- (or Plu-) Perfect, (2) the Past-Indefinite (or -Absolute), (3) the Past-Imperfect (or -Progressive). The Present into (1) the Present-Perfect, (2) the Present-Indefinite, and (3) the Present-Progressive, or -Continuous. The Future into (1) the Future-Perfect, (2) the Future-Indefinite, and (3) the Future-Imperfect.

It will be observed that we arrange the order of the Tenses a little differently from that usually adopted. We think it more philosophical and proper to place the Present between the Past and the Future. This is the order generally followed in Semitic Grammars. The Imperative Mood is divided into (1) the Present, (2) the Precative, and (3) the Respectful-Future Tenses. The Subjunctive or Conditional Mood comprises three Tenses, viz.: (1) the Pluperfect, (2) the Perfect, and (3) the Aorist (i.e. Present or Future). 63. The Hoot-word of the Urdu Verb (as in most languages) is the 2nd Person Sing. of the Present Imperative. From this is formed the Infinitive by the addition of the inflectional syllable ''na. ''This, however, is not regarded in Eastern Grammars as a Mood, but, more properly, as a Gerund or Verbal Noun. It is the part of the Verb which is given in Hindustani Dictionaries generally as the representative word, instead of the Root as in Hebrew, Arabic, and Sanskrit Lexicons—a much more rational usage, which it would have been well if Western Lexicographers, ancient and modern, had adopted.

64. Besides this Gerund, there are two (and in many Verbs three) other Verbal Nouns in Urdu, the first being in most cases the simple Koot, expressing the crude idea, and the second an Abstract Noun formed from the Gerund by merely dropping the final a of the uninflected word, and inserting short a before the preceding n, as from karna ' to do' or ' the doing,' karan ' a doing,' ' a making,' or ' cause'; from ''chalna. to go,' chalan gait,' 'conduct.' The third Verbal Noun is formed by adding the termination wala, or hara, or har (meaning 'doer' or 'agent') to the inflected form of the Gerund, or to the Abstract Noun, as karnewala, karnehdra, or karanhar ' ''a doer.' 65. From the Eoot are formed also three simple Participles, viz.: (1) the Past (or Perfect) by adding the letter d; (2) the Present (or Imperfect) by adding ta; (3) the Conjunctive Participle, which is either the simple Root, or the Root added to it, with the letter e or the syllables ke, kar, or karke; and (4) the Adverbial Past and Present Participles, being the inflected forms thereof.

66. From these again are formed four Compound Participles, viz.: (1) the Present-Continuative, being the Present Participle, with hua added, as bolta hua ' in the act (of speaking'; (2) the Past-Perfect or Passive, as chala hua gone,' likha hua written'; (3) the Progressive-Adverbial, which is the Past or the Present form repeated, to. be attached adverbially to another Verb, as larkl hanste hahste boh ' the girl, continuing to laugh, said'; main baithe baithe kitab parhta hun ' I, keeping seated, am reading a book'; and lastly, the Intensive or Emphatic Adverbial, formed by adding to its Present form the particle hi, as usko dekhte-hl main daur gaya ' immediately on seeing him I ran away.'

Having thus described the different parts of an Urdu Verb, we shall now give a practical illustration, by taking the Student through the Substantive Verb, hona—'to be,' or 'become.' We select this Verb as our first exemplar, not only because few sentences can be composed without its help, but also because no other Verbs can be conjugated without its assistance, two of its Tenses especially—the Present and Past-Indefinite—being indispensable auxiliaries. -->