Page:A Grammar of the Urdū Or Hindūstānī Language in Its Romanized Character.djvu/51

 Remote— Wuhi 'He,' 'that.'

Sing. Plur.

Nom. Wuh, that, he We, those, they

Agt. Vsne Unne, unhonne

Gen. Uska, -ke, -kl TTnkd (uhhon), -ke, -kl

Dat. Usko, use Unko, unheh

Ace. Wuh, usko, use We, unheh, unko

Abl. Usse Unse, unhohse

Log. Uspar, etc. Unmen, par, etc.

50. The addition of the syllable oh to the inflected Case- forms in the Plurals of these Pronouns is intensive ; thus, tumhard means simply ' of you,' ' your,' but tumhohka means 'of you yourselves,' 'your very own,' 'just yours.' The words merd, terd, hamdrd, tumhard are properly Pronominal Adjectives. The true Gen. forms mujhka, tughka, hamka, tumka are also used, but only when an Adjective is interposed between the crude Case-form and the Genitival ka, as mujh gharih ka ' of poor me,' mujh kam-bakht kl kltdb ' the book of unfortunate me.'

A similar construction is also used sometimes with the Agent, and likewise before the Particle of Similitude sd (se, si)—e.g. JTyd tujh badbakjtt ne aisa kiya?—or, ''Kya tujhse kam-bakht ne aisd kiya ? ' ''Have you, you scoundrel, (or, has such a rascal as you) acted thus ?'

51. When the Pronouns yih and wuh are used as "Demonstratives, they do not take the Case-sign immediately after them, but, as in the case of Adjectives generally, this is affixed to the Substantive described, e.g. uska gfiora (Per-

i Mr. Platts romaiiizes these two words yeh and wah, as often sounded.

<!-- sonal) 'his horse,' but us udnlka ghora (Demonstrative) ' that man's horse.'

(a) The Nominative forms of the Accus. Case of these t\vo Pronouns are only used when they are Demonstratives preceding a Substantive, expressed or understood. Thus, to express 'having seen him,' one must say usko dekhkar (not yih or ''wuK). But for ' having heard this' (i.e. ' remark ' or 'news') we must say yih sunkar, or yih bat (or kfiabar) sunkar.

(V) The forms inne and unne are sometimes used instead of isne and usne, ''as mere contractions for the latter; but they may also be the Plur. form of the Agent used respectfully, instead of the Sing., though the fuller forms inhon-ne and nn-honne would be more generally employed.

(e) Yih and wuh are often used instead of ye and we, especially in Northern India, in a Plural sense, both as Demonstrative and as Personal Pronouns, as wuh kahte haiit ' they say.' The long vowel z, or hi, is often added to the Singular of Pronouns to give emphasis, and to the Plurals, m, and hlh or hon, as main-hl I myself,' tujhlse from your very self,' wuhi ' he himself,' wehlh ' they themselves.'

52. The Kelative And Correlative

Pronouns are jo or jaun ' who,' ' which,' ' what,' ' he who,' etc., and so or taun ' he,' ' she,' ' it,' ' that same,' which are declined much like the Demonstrative, viz.: Nom. Sing. and Plur. jo or ''jaun. ''Gen. Sing. jiska (ke or ''ki). ''Dat. jisko or jise, etc. Gen. Plur. jinka, etc. Dat. Accus. ''jinko orjinheh. ''Nora. Sing. and Plur. so or ''taun. ''Gen. Sing. tiska, etc. Dat. Accus. ''tisko, tise. ''Gen. Plur. tinkd, etc. Dat. Accus. ''tinko, tinhin. ''So also are the Interrogatives,

53. Viz.—''kaun? 'who?' 'what?' 'which?,' and kya ''? ' what ?' ' which ?'; e.g. Sing. and Plur. ''Nom. kaun. ''Gen. Sing. ''kiska. ''Plur. ''kin M, kinhka, kinhonka. ''Dat. and Ace. Sing. ''kisko, kise. ''Plur. kinko, kinhen or ''kinhko. ''Sing. and Plur. Nom. ''kya. Gen. kaheka. ''Dat. ''kaheko. ''It has no Plural. .£a«<» is applicable either to persons or things, hut, in the latter case, only when used adjectively along with Substantives; as, ''Saun ay a hai? 'Who has come?' Wuh kaun hai ''? ' Who is he ?' Yih kaun ghar hah ? ' What house is this ?' Wuh kisha ghar hai ? ' Whose house is that ? ' Wuh kis ghar men hai ? ' What house is he in ?'

''Kya? ''is'used for things only—either with or without a Substantive. Thus ''Wuh kya hai? 'What is that?' or Wak kya chlz hai ''? ' What thing is that ?' The inflected form kahe is scarcely ever used except in the Gen. and Dat.; as Kaheko (or kahe waste) mujhe marte ho ? ' Wherefore (or, for what) do you beat me ?'—the more usual Urdu for which would be kis waste (or kyun) mujhe marte ho ? For the other cases, the different forms of kaun are used, as ''Yih ghar kisse band hai ? ' ''What is this house built of ? ' or ''Kisne bandy a ? '''Who built it?'

54. The word kya (though in that case it might be called an Interrogative Adverb) is often used at the beginning of an interrogative sentence, as Kya turn pagal ho gaye ho ? ' Have you gone mad ?'—literally, ' What ? have you gone mad ?' Sometimes, also, it is used as a sort of Interjection, like our English ' what!' or ' how!' as kya badmdsh ! ' what a rascal!' kya khub! ' how fine !' When repeated, it becomes a sort of Distributive Pronoun, as ''Kyd kya. chlz tv.mha.re pas ham ? ' ''What different things have you got ? ' ''Kis kis chiz se ban gaya hai? ' ''Of what materials is it made ?' 55. Indefinite Pronouns

are either simple or compound. Under the former category are such words as kol ' anyone,' ' someone,' kuchh ' anything,' 'something,' 'some.' Kol has a Nom. Plural, ka,l, but it is only declined in the Singular, the inflective form, being kill or kisu ; thus, Gen. kisl (or kisu), ka, ke, kl; Agent, kise ne, etc. Km, so declined, applies to things as well as persons. With these several useful compounds are formed, as kol-ek or kap-ek ' some,' ' several,' kuchh-ek ' some little,' ' somewhat,' kuchh-aur ' some more.' Koirkoi means ' some few,' kuchh-kuchh ' somewhat,' kol-na-koi ' some one or other,' kuchh-na-kuchh something or other,' kuchh-ka.-kuchh ' something quite different.' These might be regarded as compound phrases, but there are also several compound Indefinite Pronouns, properly so called; such are jo-kol' whosoever,' aur-kol  someone else,' har-kol ' everyone,' etc. These are declinable, as Gen. ''jis-kisl-ka. ' of whomsoever,' etc., but the compounds of kuchh ''are not so. These are such as sab-kuchh whatsoever,' aur-kuchh something else,' bahut-kuchh ' a great deal,' etc.

The Pronoott Ap.

56. This is used in two different ways or senses, and called, accordingly, either a Reflexive or a Respectful Pronoun. As the former it means 'self' ('myself,' 'yourself,' 'himself,' etc.), and is then thus declined: Gen. Sing, apna (-ne, -nl) 'of self,' 'own' (my own, his own, etc.). Accus. Dat. apko, apne ko, apne tafin 'myself,' 'yourself,' 'to myself,' etc. Abl. apse ' from one's self' (myself, himself, etc.). There is another inflective form—apas, used as a Plural, but only in the Gen. and Loc. Cases—as apas ka, apas men, 'of (or among) ourselves,' 'yourselves,' etc.

As a Reflexive Pronoun it is used generally along with a Personal Pronoun (expressed or understood), as Main ap jaunga ' I myself will go,' Wuh apne ghar ko gay a hai ' He has gone to his (own) house (or home),' We apasmen larte tfa, ' They were fighting with one another,' We up bole ' They themselves said.'

The Persian word kjiud is often used instead of dp, re- flexively, as main khud ' I myself,' we ap ' they themselves.' The word apnd own' (like iska his,' and other Genitives) is a sort of Possessive Pronoun.

57. As a Respectful (or reverential) Pronoun, meaning 'you, sir,' 'your honour,' it is regularly declined, but only in the Singular, though constructed as a Plural and requiring the Verb to which it is a Nominative to be in the 3rd Person Plural. Thus, ''Apka ghar kahah hgiA ? ' Where is your honour's house ?' Ap kal awenge ''? ' Will your honour (or 'you, sir') come to-morrow?' (instead of Tum kal doge?), Ap mu'af kyiye 'Please, sir, forgive (me),' for simple Mu'af karo, sahib.

There are other words besides ap,—chiefly titles of honour or of office, which also require the Verb to be in the Respect- ful-Plural, such as sahib master,' hazrat and huzur your Highness' (lit. presence'), khudateand lord,' etc.; as sahib dekhte hain ' you see, sir' (lit. ' master sees'), huzur farmate hain 'your Highness (or 'his Highness')' says' (or 'orders'). -->