Page:A Grammar of the Urdū Or Hindūstānī Language in Its Romanized Character.djvu/46

 The Compounds of sau ('100') are expressed as in English—only omitting the word wa ('and'); thus '110' would be ek sau das, '120' ek sau Ms, etc. A 'thousand' is expressed either by the Persian word hazar, or by das sau—'ten hundred.'

38. We think it well to append the Native characters for the Cardinal Numbers—both Arabic and Indian—as it is of great use to be familiar with them.

The student is advised to make himself familiar with the Native figures (especially the Arabic) by copying them out repeatedly, and to get the table of Cardinal Numbers by heart till he knows it as well as his ABC.

39. By adding the word ek (' one') to any of the Cardinal Numbers (single or compound) the idea of indefiniteness is expressed. Thus do-ek, means 'about 2,' das-ek 'about ten' ('9 or 10,' '10 or 11'), sau-ek 'about a hundred.' 'About one' is expressed by ek-ād, signifying either '½' or 'one' (ād being either for ārdhā 'a half,' or as some think for the Sanskrit ādi 'beginning'—i.e. 'beginning with one' or 'one, etc.' ('one or two'). The like idea is conveyed by two Numbers (not generally consecutive)—as, do-tīn or do-chār= our ' 2 or 3 '; āth-das=our '8 or 9,' etc.

u» io the Cardinal Numbers.

In the case of compound Numbers the affix -«0d» is added to the last number only of the compound, as ek-sau- Mswdh 'the 120th.' The Ordinal Numbers are all inflectible Adjectives, as pahla, pahle (Fem. pahh); punchwdn, pdnch- wen, pdnchwlh; ikkuwan, iklaswen, ikklswlh, etc.

41. Collective Numbers

are formed by adding the letter <! or I to the Cardinal, e.g. bua or blsz ' a score,' pachdsa (or adha-saikra) ' a half-hundred,' battlsl ' an aggregate of 32.' But some have peculiar forms, as jora (Fem, jori) ' a pair,' ' a couple,' ganda ' a quaternion,' gaM an aggregate of five,' Jcorl a score,' saikrd a hundred'; the other (regular) forms being also used, as pancha a collection of five'—whence panchuyat a jury or court of investigation,' etc. These words take the Genitive of the things enumerated, as ek saikra sipdhiyohha ' 100 soldiers,' ek korl ruplyohkl ' a score of Rupees.' The word saikrd (not sau) is always used when speaking of Interest, as punch rupajs saikrd 5 Rs. per cent.' But instead of this, the Persian phrase for ' per cent.'—/z-sarf or fl-sadi—is often substituted. 42. The Intensive form of Collective Numerals is formed by adding to the Cardinals the syllable on—thus, donon ' the two,' 'both,' tmon all three,' buon the whole twenty,' etc.; and sometimes by adding to this the original simple Cardinal, e.g. dthoh-uth, ' the whole 8' (the very 8 of the 8). Ek ' one' is made intensive by adding the syllables ela or hi, e.g. akela or ekhl just (or only) one.' The syllable oh is added to the larger aggregate terms to express indefinite numerousness, as saikron admi ' hundreds of men,' hazdron ghar thousands of houses,' etc.

43. Cardinal Numbers are made to act as Distributives by simple repetition, as, ek ek ' one by one ' or ' one each,' char char 'by fours,' 'four to each,' or 'four a-piece.'

44. Multiplicatives are formed by adding either gunu ('time' or 'fold')—Fem, gunl—or hard or ahra—to the Cardinals, as dogund (or -ni), often contracted into diind or duhra twofold'; tiguna, or tihara, or tihrd threefold,' ' triple '; ekahrd ' single.'

45. Numeral Adverbs are formed by changing the final a. of the Ordinal Adjectives into e, as from pahla first,' pnhle ' firstly'; ture ' thirdly,' etc. They are also formed by adding to the Cardinals the word bar time,' or dafa, or martaba, as ekbar ' once,' dodafa ' twice,' tin martaba 'thrice,' etc.

Sometimes the Persian Ordinals arc used, as ' firstly' duwum, ' secondly' awwal. Fractional Numrers.

46. These are expressed, some by certain Substantives, and some by Adjectives. The former are—pufl and chautfiaf a quarter,' tihilf a third,' adha a half (for which the Persian word nlm, or the Arabic nisf, is also much used), and sawa i  !£.' The Adjectives are—paun or panne one quarter less,' adha, adh, or adh half,' sawa 'a quarter more,' sarhe ' one-half more,' derh ' one and a half,' and arhaf or dhap ' 2£.'

These fractional terms always precede the Noun or Cardinal Numbers. And up to 100 (exclusive) the unit employed is 1. Thus sawap <fo=2J ; ''paune char=3$. But from 100 to 999—inclusive—it is IQO. Thus paune sau= ^ 100— \ ''of 100=75. Sawa do «a«=200+i of 100=200 + 25 = 225. Sawa tear=1000+i of 1000=1250. These fractions are used not only with numbers but with measures : and quantities, as derh man ' li maunds,' arha.,i gaj="2,¥ yards.' /

Pronouns.

47. The Personal Pronouns are in Urdu, as in most other languages, three in number, with their respective Plurals— viz. Main ' I,' tu ' thou,' and ' wnh  ' he,' ' she,' or ' it'; Jiam ' we,' tum  ye ' or ' you,' we ' they.' The third is (as in Latin, etc.) the same as the remote Demonstrative Pronoun, but it has not, as in Latin, English, etc., three different forms to express the different Genders.

48. The Pronoun, like the Noun, has three Case-forms for each of the two Numbers—viz. for the Nominative or Agent, the Genitive, and the Objective. We shall, however, give them here as set forth in most Hindustani Grammars.

-->