Page:A Grammar of the Urdū Or Hindūstānī Language in Its Romanized Character.djvu/16

 Syntactical Rules for Relative and Corrective. . 193 142

Agreement of Relative and Antecedent. . . 194 142

An Adverb sometimes used as a Relative. . . 195 144

(4) The Interrogative Pronouns. . 145

TTsed either as Substantives or Adjectives. . 196 145

Used in indirect as well as direct questions. . 197 146

(5) The Indefinite Pronouns. . . 198 146

JTo,» used sometimes with Plural Nouns. . . 199 147

(6) The Reflexive Pronoun—ap.

Used in a variety of ways .... 200 148

CHAPTER VIII.—Syntax Of The Verr.

The Infinitive or Gerund. . 201 150

In the Genitive Absolute—how used. . . 202 151

In the Dative-Accusative—how used. . . 203 151

The uninflected Infinitive used for Imperative. . 204 151

„ as a Gerundive .... 205 152

The Noun Of Agency

A cross between Noun and Verb .... 206 153

Variously constructed ..... 207 153

Persian Nouns of Agency and Verbal-Adjectives. . 208 154

Participles.

Past and Present Participle. . . . 209 154

The Adverbial Participle. . . . .210 156

New Theory on the Subject. . . . 211 156

Tested and illustrated by examples. . .212 157

Past Participles of Transitive Verbs not always Passive. 213 159

Mua, added to Participles variously construed. . 214 161

The repetition of Participles. . . .215 161

Participles used descriptively. . . .216 162

Past Participles either Active or Passive. . .217 163 Para. Paob

The Perfect Participle used for Infinitive. . 218 163

,, „ used as an Abstract Substantive. 219 163

The Subject of the Adverbial Participle. . .220 163

The Object of those Participles. . . .221 164

The Past Conjunctive Participle.

Its uses in a Sentence ..... 222 164

Rules and Remarks as to its use .... 223 165

Compared with the idiom of Western tongues. . 224 167

The Indicative Mood.

I.—Past Tenses. . . . .225 167

Peculiar construction of Urdu Past Tenses. . 226 167

(1) The Pluperfect.

Ordinary meaning of the Tense .... 227 169

Sometimes used for Past Indefinite, and vice versd. 228 169

,, the Past Conditional. . . 229 169

(2) The Past Indefinite.

Its ordinary meaning and construction. . .230 170

Sometimes used conditionally .... 231 170

(3) The Past Imperfect.

Its usual meaning and form .... 232 171

Another way of forming it .... 233 171

The Auxiliary sometimes omitted or redundant. . 234 171

II.—Present Tenses.

(1) The Proximate or Present Perfect.

What it denotes, and how formed. . . 235 172

How idiomatically used occasionally. . . 236 172

(2) The Present Indefinite or Aorist.

How and when used, in general .... 237 173

Peculiar forma and uses ..... 238 174

Para. Page

(3) The Present Imperfect or Continuous.

Its meaning and formation .... 239 174

The change of form or omission of Auxiliary. . 240 175

The Historical Present and Proximate Future. . 241 175

III.—Future Tenses.

(1) The Future Perfect.

What it is used to denote, etc. .. . . 242 176

(2) The Future Indefinite.

How formed and how used, etc. .... 243 177

(3) The Future Imperfect.

"What this Tense generaUy denotes . . .244 178

The Imperative Mood.

(1) Ordinary Present, (2) Precative, (3) Respectful Future 245 178

The Imperative in prohibition. . . . 246 179

Used for the Aorist, and vice versd. . . 247 179

The Subjunctive or Conditional Mood.

The Pluperfect Tense—How formed and used. . 248 180

The Past Indefinite— „ „. . 249 181

The Present Subjunctive— ,, ,,. . 250 181

The Passive Voice.

Not much used in Urdu. . . . .251 183

The Agent—How expressed with Passives. . 252 183

Used impersonally. . . . 253 184

Causal Verbs.

Illustration of their use and construction. . . 254 184

Para. Page

Compound Verbs.

The various sorts recapitulated .... 255 185

Syntactical construction of (1) Intensives. . . 256 186

Ditto of (2) Potentials, and (3) Completives. . 257 186

„ (4) Frequentatives, and (5) Desideratives. 258 187

„ (6) Inceptives, (7) Permissives, and (8) Acquisitives 259 188

,, (9) Another form of Desideratives. . 260 189

„ (10) Staticals 261 189

,, (11) Continuatives, and (12) Reiteratives. . 262 189

Nominal Verbs—Syntax of .... 263 190

Irregular order and questionable nomenclature. . 264 191

Construction in Past Participle Tenses. . . 265 192

Particles.

1. Adverbs. . . . . . 266 192

2. Prepositions and Postpositions .... 267 194

3. Conjunctions ...... 268 196

Idioms.

The ' Oratio Recta'. . . .. 269 197

Idiomatic uses of certain Verbs .... 270 198

Appendix.

The Mohammedan Calendar .... 201

The Hindu Calendar ..... 204

The following misprints were, from unavoidable circumstances, not discovered till the work had passed through the Press. (The Student is advised to correct them at once before commencing the Grammar; and any other palpable misprints he may meet with as he goes through it.)

7, line 22, for digg read diqq.

9

9

17

19

23

23

23

24

28

31

31

33

34

35

35

40

51

56

71

78

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111

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10 16 H 16 17 19

euphemism, syllable ta. marddn.

euphony

letter t

marddn

zandn

an

right hand ,, 32 awwal

,, 15 tughka

,, 18 aharik

„ 10 han?

,, 11 kise

,, 15 we dp

„ 22 hain?

„ 5 'added to it' „ 19 'a writer' „ 16 (or ham) ,, 5 for chhiitnd (first) ,, 3 before bahasnd ,, 9 for third „ 7, 8 „ 'eaten' „ ,, 'to drink up' ,, 24 for ka( ,, 9 after 'breath' ,, 5 for nah „ 10 Idzu

,, 14 lihu-za

,, 5 bush

„ 9 kheif

„ 1 kih

,, 17 gfiulni

„ 7, 8 after 'guzra,' and 'me,' delete ? ,, 2-t for t fiord sd read tfiore se.

,, 10 „ 'and' read 'etc.'; delete 'etc.' after 'property.' note * after and hai read ' you must come here.' line 12 for Gerundive read Gerund. ,, 32 delete period (.) after 'designate.' footnote, after pith insert dikhai. line 15 for dekhde read dekhai.

„ 20 ,, 'Masculine' „ Number. „ 12 ,, 'them' „ 'thee.'

„ 13 after'but' insert 'they.'

left hand.

should precede ' firstly.'

tujhka.

gharlb.

hai?

kisl.

we kjiud.

hai.

transpose to after karke.

to be deleted.

should come after karne wdld.

chhutnd.

delete ' and.'

second.

drunk.

move to line 8.

kdt.

add ' or deceit.'

na.

bazu.

lihazd.

bash.

haif.

kih.

ghutne.