Page:A Grammar of the Urdū Or Hindūstānī Language in Its Romanized Character.djvu/11

 Remarks on the Pronominal Cases. . .51 31

Relative and Correlative Pronouns. . . 52 32

Interrogatives. . . . . 53 33

Idiomatic use of kya. . '. . .54 33

Indefinite Pronouns. . . . .55 34

The Pronouns Ap: (1) Reflexive. . . 56 34

„ „ (2) Respectful. . 57 35

Reciprocal Pronouns. . . . 58 36

Possessive ,,. . . . . 59 36

Pronominal Adjectives. . . . 60 36

Compound Pronominal Adjectives. . . 61 37

CHAPTER III.—The Veer.

The three Classes, three Moods, three Tenses. . 62 38

The Gerund or Infinitive. . . . . 63 39

Three Verbal Nouns. . ., . 64 39

Three Simple Participles. . . . . 65 40

Three Compound Participles. . . 66 40

The Verb hona conjugated. . . . 67 41

The Verb jana conjugated. . . . 68 47

The Transitive Verb mama. . . . 69 51

The idiom of Transitive Past Tenses. . .70 55

The Verb karna conjugated. . . . 71 55

The Passive Voice; its idioms. . . .72 61

Passive and Active Verbs contrasted. . .73 61

Mara jana conjugated. . . . . 74 62

Causal Verbs. . . . . . 75 66

Different ways of forming Causals. . .76 66

List of Causal and doubly Causal Verbs. . . 77 70

Denominatives and other Derivative Verbs. . 78 77

Examples of different classes of such. . .79 77 Para. Page

Nominal Compound Verbs preferred. . 80 78

Compound Verbs. . . . . . 81 79

Different ways of forming Compound Verbs. 82 79

(1) Intensives. . . . . 83 80

(2) Potentials. . . . . 84 80

(3) Completives. . . . . 85 80

The first words in these Compounds—Root or

Participle?. . . . . 86 81

(4) Coutinuatives. . . . . 87 82

(5) Staticals. . . . . 88 83

(6), (7) Frequentatives and Desideratives. 89 84

(8) Inceptives. . . . . 90 85

(9), (10) Permissives and Acquisitives '. . .91 85

(11) Reiteratives. . . . . 92 85

(12) Nominals, etc. .. . . . 93 86

CHAPTER IV.—Particles.

Adverbs ....... 94 88

The Philological Harp. . . . . 95 88

Adverbs of Time, Place, and Number. . . 96 90

Arabic and Persian Adverbs. . . 97 92

Compound Adverbs. . . . . 98 93

Prepositions and Postpositions. . . . 99 93

List of Persian and Arabic ditto .... 100 95

Lists of those governing the Masc. and Fem. Genitive. 101 96

Genuine Prepositions. . . . .102 97

Conjunctions.

List of Classified Conjunctions .... 103 97

Interjections.

Classified List. .... 104 98

SYNTAX.

CHAPTER V.—Concord And Government.

Para. Page

1. Idiomatic order of words in Sentences. . . 105 100

The Predicate—how divided. . . .106 101

Special Rules as to order of words .-. . 107 102

Cases of exceptional order .... 108 102

The Place of Demonstrative Pronouns. . 109 103

„ Adverbs. . . .110 103

,, Conjunctions. . . .111 103

2. Concord—(1) Of Adjectives and Nouns. . 112 104

(2) Of Verbs and their Subject. .113 105

Special cases—(a) Classes differing. 114 105

(4) Arabic broken Plurals. .115 106

(c) Two or more Subjects to one Verb. 116 106

3. Government. . . . . . 117 107

The Article—Substitutes for. . . . 118 108

Syntax op Surstantives.

(1) The Nominative Case. . . . 119 109

Used as a Predicative. . .120 109

Used absolutely. . -. .121 109

(2) The Agent—with object in Nominative. . 122 110

With object in Dat. Accus. form. . 123 111

Constructed with Active and Neuter Verbs. 124 111

Verbs, Neuter in English, Active in Urdu, and vice versa 125 112

Construction with Neuter and Active Verbs in same

sentence. . . . . . 126 112

(3) The Genitive Case—The three forms. . 127 113

Generally precedes governing words. 128 113

Used to express dependence on other words. 129 113

Used to express a variety of relationship. 130 113

Used partitively .... 131 114 Para. Page

Used for other Cases. . .132 114

Used to express intensity. . . 133 115

Used with weights and measures. . 134 115

Used as an Adjective. . .135 115

Used in certain Adjectives governing Gen. . 136 116

The case of Genitives in Predicate clauses. 137 116

Used with Verbs signifying ' to hear'. 138 117

or'to fill,'etc. . 139 118

(4) The Dative Case—Primary use. . .140 118

Used with Verbs of buying and selling. 141 118

Used with the Gerund or Infinitive. 142 119

Used with chahiye and the like. . 143 119

Used with hona, parna, etc. .. 144 120

Used to express possession. . . 145 120

Used to express time indefinitely. . 146 120

Used to express the English'at,' 'on'. 147 121

(5) The Accusative Case—Two forms. . 148 121

When the Nominative form should be used. 149 121

When the Dative form should be used. 150 121

With Nominal Compound Verbs, etc. . 151 122

With Verbs governing two Accusatives. 152 122

May sometimes stand first in Sentences. 153 122

The Factitive Accusative. . .154 123

Construction, when Verb is in the Passive. 155 123

(6) The Ablative Case—so-called. . .156 123

Used in comparisons. . . 157 124

Used with Verbs signifying distance, etc. . 158 124

Signifying asking, telling, etc. .. . 159 124

Signifying abandoning, denying, etc. . 160 124

Signifying attraction to, meeting, etc. . 161 125

Generally expresses ' from' or ' with'. 162 125

Sometimes ' for' (a time or cause). . 163 125

Often denotes the instrument or means. 164 126 Para. Page

Barely the Agent. . . .165 126

Used in the difference or resemblance between. 166 126

Used in mode or manner of doing. . 167 126

Idiomatic use and omission of se. . . 168 127

(7) The Locative Case. . . . . 169 128

Formed by men, par, or tak. . . 170 128

Men, when and how used. . . 171 128

Par, when and how used. . . 172 130

Tak or talak, when and how used. . 173 131

(8) The Vocative Case. . . . . 174 132

Its place and qualifying words. . .175 132

CHAPTER VI.—Syntax Of Adjectives. 176 133

Their place in sentences ..... 177 133

Used as Substantives and idiomatically. . .178 133

The Adjectival termination sd. . .179 134

The Adverbial Affix sa, different (?). . .180 135

Degrees of Comparison (Arabic) .... 181 135

Syntax of Numerals—Cardinals .... 182 136

Rules of Concord in case of Numerals. . . 183 136

CHAPTER VII.—Syntax Op Pronouns.

(1) Personal Pronouns. . . 184 138

Their place in a sentence and verbal concord. . 185 138

Two forms for one case utilized .... 186 138

Pronouns in apposition with other words. . . 187 139

„ with enclitic Particles. . . .188 139

Remarks on Colloquial uses of Pronouns. . 189 140

(2) Demonstrative Pronouns. . . 190 141

When the Nom. and Dat. forms of Objective Case to be used 191 141

(3) The Relative Pronoun. . .192 142