Page:A Grammar of the Persian Language.djvu/53

 as neuter, and change the final into, and drop the  tanwīn; as  niﻉmaṭun, a benefit, written : and, indeed, nouns ending in , are, for the most part, borrowed from the Arabs. 

Of Case, 58. Persian nouns have no variety of termination corresponding with the " cases " of European Grammars ; but, when it is necessary so to construe them as to give a sense equivalent to these cases, we may either use a particle, or add the vowel kesrah to the preceding word. This k&#x34F;&#x324;es&#x34F;&#x324;rah is generally termed, the k&#x34F;&#x324;es&#x34F;&#x324;rah of description.

59. An equivalent to a nominative will stand in need of no such ad- dition. A genitive will be obtained, either by adding the k&#x34F;&#x324;es&#x34F;&#x324;rah, as above, or by using a particle, as marday khudā, a man of God ; or khātamay az zar, a seal of gold ; where  is equivalent to of or out of: or asprā k&#x34F;&#x308;īn, the horse's saddle; where  is equivalent to to, or for.

60. But if the preceding word end in silent s, ( Art. 29 ) k&#x34F;&#x324;es&#x34F;&#x324;rah, when added, must receive the soft h&#x34F;&#x324;amz&#x34F;&#x308;ah ( Art. 33 ) as ā chashmaăy ḥaiwāṅ, the fountain of life. If, however, such word terminate in the aspirated s ( Art. 29 ), then the k&#x34F;&#x324;es&#x34F;&#x324;rah will be added, as before : e. g. rahăy bāghbāṅ, the path of the gardener. 61. If the preceding word end in either or, quiescing in its homogeneous vowel, respectively (Art. 30), the soft h&#x34F;&#x324;amz&#x34F;&#x308;ah will also be