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 252 THE AGE OF HAPSBURG ASCENDENCY of the agreement with Maurice, Henry of France seized Metz, from which it was found impossible to eject him; his success was of the utmost importance for future conflicts between France and Germany. Charles was obliged to accept the Pacification of Passau, which secured the Protestant states in their Protestantism, and again Pacification placed the control of the Imperial Chamber of of Passau. Justice with the diet. The Peace of Passau was confirmed by the Peace of Augsburg. A clause however was added, under protest from the Lutherans, called the Ecclesiastical Reservation, which provided that if any prelate went over to the Reformed Church he should at the same time resign, so that the ecclesiastical territories would remain unaffected. It is to be further remarked that no rights were secured to adherents of the reformed religion except the Protestants proper, that is to say the Lutherans. The general principle of the Pacification however was that each prince could enforce his own religion within his own territories. The struggle so far has appeared to be one for the domination or the equality of Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism, but 4 Progress otn er important elements had already been intro- of the duced in the Reformation. The Swiss reformers Reformation. were - n di sa g re ement with the Lutherans on many important points of doctrine, and even among the Swiss there were two divisions. The dominant party was that at whose head Calvinists was J onn Calvin, himself a Frenchman, who had and become a sort of dictator in the Canton of Geneva. Lutherans. Calvinism, not Lutheranism, had taken root in France as well as in Switzerland, in Scotland, in some parts of Germany, and in the Low Countries. England had followed a line of its own, which was neither Lutheran nor Calvinist but borrowed some elements from both schools. This disunion among the reformers afterwards stood seriously in the way of their presenting a solid front to Roman Catholic aggression. On the other hand there was within the Roman Church an active movement for reformation, a revived religious fervour which found expression partly in a school which was honestly anxious for reconciliation with the reformers who were in open