Page:A Dictionary of Music and Musicians vol 4.djvu/601

CHELL. Otteby (Hothby), and others. He was Precentor of Hereford in 1554, but after the accession of Elizabeth was deprived of all his cathedral appointments. 

CHERUBINI. P. 342 a, l. 44, add date of production of 'Ali Baba,' July 22, 1833. Add that in 1815 he came to England and conducted his 'Anacreon' overture and two MS. compositions at the Philharmonic concert on March 13. P. 343 a, l. 24, for May read March.

CHEST OF VIOLS. A set of six viols, properly matched as to size, power, and colour, used for chamber performance. It usually consisted of two trebles, two tenors, and two basses: occasionally of two trebles, three tenors, and one bass, the bass being properly twice as long in the string as the treble. [See ../Violin.] Sets of viols, thus duly proportioned, were often made by the old English makers. They were carefully fitted into a 'chest,' which seems to have been a shallow vertical press with double doors. Dr. Tudway, in a letter addressed to his son, printed in Hawkins (ch. 144) describes it as 'a large hutch, with several apartments and partitions in it, each partition was lined with green bays, to keep the instruments from being injured by the weather.' Hawkins quotes an advertisement, dated 1667, of two 'chests of viols' for sale, one made by John Rose in 1598, the other by Henry Smith in 1633. 'Both chests,' says the advertiser, probably referring to the instruments, but possibly to the hutches, 'are very curious work.' In a well-known passage in 'Music's Monument' (p. 245), Mace says of the 'Press for Instruments,' which forms a conspicuous part of the furniture of his elaborately designed music room, 'First see that it be conveniently large, to contain such a number as you shall design for your use, and to be made very close and warm, lyn'd through with bayes, etc., by which means your instruments will speak livelily, brisk and clear. … Your best provision, and most complete, will be a good chest of viols, six in number, viz. two basses, two tenors, and two trebles, all truly and proportionably suited. … Suppose you cannot procure an entire chest of viols, suitable, etc., then thus: endeavour to pick up, here or there, so many excellent good odd ones, as near suiting as you can, every way, viz. both for shape, wood, colour, etc., but especially for size.' Mace's Press for Instruments includes, besides the 'chest of viols,' a pair of violins, a pair of 'lusty full-sized theorboes,' and three 'lusty smart- speaking' lyra-viols, the whole constituting 'a ready entertainment for the greatest prince in the world.' The principle of the 'chest of viols' is found in the quartets and quintets of violins which were occasionally made by the Cremona makers. [ E. J. P. ]

CHEVÉ or. A method of teaching part-singing and sight-reading, much used in France, is thus called, from the names of its founder and chief promoters. Its essential features are two: first, the use of the principle of 'tonic relationship,' the learner being taught to refer every sound to the tonic, and secondly, the use of a numeral notation, the figures 1, 2, 3, etc. serving as the written symbols for the several sounds of the scale. Do (ut) = 1, Re = 2, etc. The following is an example of a tune, 'God save the Queen,' thus written in two parts,

A dot under a figure shows that it is in a lower octave, a dot above a figure in a higher. The zéro shows a 'rest' or silence; a thick dot, as in the second measure, continues the preceding sound. The varying lengths of sound are shown by a bar or bars above the figures, as in the second and fourth measures. The numerals are treated only as visual signs; the names sung are the old sol-fa syllables. The use of the numerals is to keep the positions of the sounds in the scale impressed on the learner's mind, and thus help him to recognise and sing the sounds. This figure notation is used only as introductory to the ordinary musical notation. The system has been the subject of much controversy in France, but it has made considerable way and is now allowed to be used in the Paris Communal Schools. It has been adapted for English use by M. Andrade and Mr. G. W. Bullen. The English class-books and exercises are published by Messrs. Moffatt and Paige, 28 Warwick Lane. The 'École Galin-Paris-Chevé' has its head-quarters at 36 Rue Vivienne, Paris, and has for many years been under the direction of M. Amand Chevé. He edits the monthly paper, 'L'Avenir Musical' (10 centimes), which gives full accounts of the progress of the method. An experiment was begun some years back, under the authority of the Paris Municipality, to test the relative effectiveness of the method, by putting certain specified Communal Schools under the direction of its professors, and this is still in progress.

The idea of using numerals in the way above shown is best known to the general world through the advocacy of Jean Jacques Rousseau. (1786–1821), who first developed the plan practically, was a teacher of mathematics at Bordeaux. (1798–1866), one of his most energetic disciples, was educated to be an avocat, but devoted his life to the musical propaganda. He added to this system a special nomenclature, since adopted into the Tonic-Sol-fa system, for teaching 'time.' (1804–1864) was a doctor, and married a sister of Paris. His 'Methode Elementaire de la Musique Vocale,' a complete exposition of the system, has a curious title-page. The title is followed by the words 'ouvrage repoussé' [in large capitals] à l'unanimité 9 Avril, 1850, par la Commission du Chant de la ville de Paris, M. M. Auber, Adam, etc., etc.' and below this is a picture of a medal 'Decernée Juin 1853 à la Société Chorale Galin-Paris-Chevé' for 'lecture à première vue' and 