Page:A Dictionary of Music and Musicians vol 4.djvu/196

180 May 17, 1855; in English, 'The Gipsy's Vengeance,' Drury Lane, March 24, 1856. [ G. ]

TROYENS, LES. A 'lyric poem,' words and music by Berlioz; originally forming one long opera, but afterwards divided into two—(1) 'La prise de Troie'; (2) 'Les Troyens a Carthage.' No. 1 was never performed, and is still in MS. No. 2 was produced at the Theatre Lyrique, Nov. 4, 1863, and published in PF. score by Choudens. See Berlioz's 'Memoires,' Postface (Transl. vol. ii. Supplement).[ G. ]

TROYERS,, Imperial councillor, and chief officer of the household to the Cardinal Archduke Rudolph (Beethoven's pupil), was an amateur clarinet player, and distinguished pupil of Friedlowsky (Professor at the Conservatorium from 1821 to 47). He is mentioned as one of the executants at a Gesellschaft concert in 1816. Troyers is stated, on the authority of Doppler (manager for Diabelli & Co.) to have given Schubert the commission for his well-known Octet, op. 166, composed in 1824. [See vol. iii. p. 339b. ] [ C. F. P. ]

TROYTE,, second son of Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, Bart., of Killerton, Devon, born May 3, 1811, graduated at Christchurch, Oxford, 1832 assumed the name of Troyte in 1852, and died June 19, 1857, was the author of two favourite Chants, known as Troyte No. 1 and Troyte No. 2, much used as hymn tunes. The latter however is a mere modification of a chant by Dr. W. Hayes. [ G. ]

TRUHN,, born at Elbing, Oct. 14, 1811, became scholar of Klein and Dehn, and also had a few lessons from Mendelssohn. Has lived chiefly in Berlin and Dantzig, but with many intervals of travelling. One of his tours was made with Bülow. His opera 'Trilby' was produced in Berlin, 1835; but he is chiefly known by his songs—amongst them 'The Three Chafers.' He also contributes to the 'Neue Zeitschrift für Musik,' and the 'Neue Berliner Musikzeitung.' G. ]

TRUMPET (Fr. Trompette; Ger. Trompete, Trummet, Tarantara; Ital. Tromba, Tr. doppia, Clarino). It is unnecessary to seek for the origin of an instrument which was already familiar when the Mosaic books were written; at Jericho performed one of the earliest miracles; figured in the Hebrew ritual; preluded to the battles around Troy; is carved on the stone chronicles of Nineveh and Egypt; and for which China claims, in the form of the 'Golden Horn' a far greater antiquity than these.

If, instead of following the vertical ordinate history, we move along the horizontal line of ethnology, we find its gradual development from the shell, the cow, buffalo or ram's horn through the root hollowed by fire, to the wooden Alpenhorn bound with birch bark; thence to the Zinckes and Cornets of ancient Germany, up to the Tuba and Lituus of Rome. Both of these, which were real Trumpets, Rome borrowed, inherited, or stole; the former from Etruscan, the latter from Oscan, originals. One of the Etruscan Tubas in the British Museum has a mouthpiece perfectly characteristic, and capable of being played on; two spare mouthpieces standing beside it as perfect as though just turned.

In the typical shapes above named we have evidence of an early subdivision into two forms of the sounding tube which has now become fruitful of musical results. For whereas the large-bored conical still keeps its name, and is the mother of Bugles, Serpents, Horns, Cornets à piston, Euphoniums, Bombardons and the like; the Lituus, which Forcellini derives from the Greek λιτὸς, tenuis, is the small-bored cylindrical Trumpet, and the father of all Trombones. It was early seen that two distinct varieties of tone quality could thus be obtained; the large cone and bell favouring the production of the fundamental note and the lower partial tones; whereas the long contracted pipe broke easily into harmonics, and spoke freely in its upper octaves. Hence the Orchestral Trumpet, as now used, is really an 8-foot pipe overblown, like a Harmonic stop on the Organ; to this it owes its keenness, pungency, power of travelling, and its marvellous superiority in timbre over the 4-foot Cornet.

That the distinction between the Roman Tuba and Lituus is real, needs for proof no more scholarship than is contained in Horace's First Ode to Mæcenas:

On this passage Forcellini comments, 'Sunt qui lituum a tubâ distinguunt, ex eo quod ille equitum sit, hæc vero peditum.' The distinction is good to-day. The Tuba was the 'Infantry Bugle'; the Lituus the 'Cavalry Trumpet.'

The derivation of lituus may indeed be originally Greek; certainly it is proximately from the hooked augur's staff of the Oscans, which had been Mercury's wand, and has become the bishop's crozier. Cicero sets the etymology hindside foremost. 'Bacillum,' he says of the staff, 'quod ab ejus litui quo canitur similitudine nomen invenit.' It might as well be said that the horse was made with four legs and a round body to fit the forked shafts of the cart.

Both Tuba and Lituus figure on Trajan's column, in the triumphal procession. Vegetius defines the former: 'Tuba—quæ directa est, appellatur.' This straight form reappears even in more recent times, as in a fine picture by Baltazarini; by comparing it with the average height of the players, it may be estimated at about seven feet long. The Lituus is figured by Bartolini from a marble Roman tombstone with the inscription

